A2 PE history

•  NATURAL SIMPLE- Lack of technology , purpose built facilities and money for the masses to use for sport.

• LOCAL- Limited transport and communication meant people couldn't travel to play activites.

• SIMPLE/UNWRITTEN RULES- Illiteracy was the norm so rules travelled by word of mouth, no NGBs Only played locally.

• CRUEL/VIOLENT-Reflected the harshness of 18 century rural life.

• OCCASIONAL- Free time for recreation on Holy Days and annual holidays eg Shrove Tuesday.

• COURTLY/POPULAR-Pre industrial Britain was predominantly a 2 class society based on the feudal system.

•RURAL- Before industrial revolution Britain was agricultural and rural.

• OCCUPATIONAL-Work often became the basis of sport for the lower class.

• WAGERING- Chance to go from rags to riches for the poor and to show off money

• REGIONAL/NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL- Improved transport meant teams could now travel further to games.
• CODIFCATION/ADMINISTRATION-Business and administration skills from ex-public school boys.
• REGULAR-Increased free time and improved transport. 
• EXCLUSIVE/ELITIST-Social class lower class players and upper class managers.Gender discrimination , women were not allowed to take part in any sporting activities. 
• URBAN/SUBURBAN-The revolutions 
• CONTROL OF GAMBLING- Increased law and order decreased the amount of moeny gambled. Activites like bare knuckle fighting then became illegally wagered on. 
• AMATEURISM/PROFESSIONALISM-Upper class would be gentlemen amateurs. Lower class would be professional and earn money for winning competitions/events. 
• FAIR PLAY/RESPECTABLE- Ex public school boys / upperclass influenced how games were played. 
• PURPOSE-BUILT FACILITIES- Technological advances allowed puropse built facilites to be constructed. 

• Middle ages 1200-1500
• Towns were built on defensive sites eg around lakes or rivers 
• Bathing for pleasure was common 
• Rivers also provided food, transport and a place to wash. 
• Rivers were the commercial centre it became a necessity to learn how to swim 
• Einglish aristocracy considered swimming to be part of ther chivalaric coade 
• Chivalaric code- the courteous , gallant and gentlemanly behaviour associated with the upper class.
• Lower class- to wash themselves. 
• Upper class- gentlemanly. 
• Upper class sponsored lower class( wagering )
• Good swimmers may become swimming masters in private schools. 
• Charles II 1660 - 1685 first documented swimming contest.
• 1784 the first open air swimming bath was built in London. 

• Folk sports associated with parish feasts 
• Hiring fairs- laboures could be sacked at any moment and you would attend a hiring fair to seak employment.
• Wakes organised from paganism 
• Fear of superstition and evil was widespread. 
• Wakes- Annual religious festivals or prayers.

PEDESTRIANISM-

• Occupational.
• Ancestors to modern olympics.
• 17th century messengers would run all day.
• They then began running races.
• Athletic success= status.
• popular.
• Robert Barcley walked 1,000 miles in 1,000 hours.

WAKES-

• Great social occasions .
• Associated with drinking and blood sports. 
• Men proved their strength.
• Stick fighting , wrestling and running.
• More playful activities - catching pigs with soapy tails or whistling matches 
• People were free to be athletic before the restraints of Victorian ethics. 
• Reformed church frowned upon the activities 
• Mid 19th century tea parties were set up 
• Cotswold games Robert Dover 1604 
• Survived until mid 19th century. 

• Salisbury Wiltshire 
• 20 gineas won each day 
• upper class wagering on fighters 
• no bare knuckle fighting single stick had rules 
• Held in a field 
• In single stick you had to hit your opponient in the head to win 
• Only took plave once a year
• Structured rules were only just being intriduced into the wake

• Violent rowdy and cruel 
• Occasional between neighbouring villages 
• Little more than massive violent brawls 
• Played on Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday 
• 2 rules...
• No murder 
• Bang the ball on the goal 3 times to win 
• Still played today 
• Played in Ashbourne 
• Form fo stress release 
• Lower class played 
• No wagering 
• Not occupational 
• Upper class forwned upon it
• Against christanity as it caused harm + injury 
• Casued social unrest 
• No set positions, pitch , referee, skill or regularity 

• Real tennis- exclusive elitist pre industrial game 
• Needed facilities
• Not natural or simple  
• Originated in France 
• Henry VIII built a court at Hampton Court Palace
• He wagered on matches 
• Gentleman amateurs played 
• Upper class had the time and money to play 
• Written rules 
• Lower class not allowed to play so they played tennis against pub or church walls 
• Racquets- originated in fleat prision and ended up being played by upper class gentlemen amateurs 

• Early 1700s 
• Social classes played together
• Gentry employed workers to play with them 
• Freelance professionals were servants so they could play
• 1727- first rules written 
• 1744- More written rules
• 1774- Size of wicket , stumps , bats and overs decided 
• 1809- MCC introduced 
• 1835- Round arm bowling legalised 
• 1865- Over arm bowling legalised 
• Originated in Bat a Ball Inn 
• Pub in Hampshire ( Hambledon) 
• 1750 
• Team dominated cricket for 50 years
• Crowds of 2,000 watched and wagered 

• MCC- Marylebone Cricket Club 
• Forced decline of hambledon 
• Gentry supported MCC and became NGBs 
• Employed Hambledon players as coaches 
• MCC toured the country which it continues to do today

PRE INDUSTRIAL                                                       

• Seasonal time                                                         
• Limited communication 
• Illiteracy 
• Harsh rural lifestyle
• Feudal system 
• Agricultural 
• Lack of policing 
• Lack of technology 

POST INDUSTRIAL- 

• Machine time 
• Improved communication
• Business + admin skills 
• More civilised 
• Middle class introduced 
• Industrial 
• Increased law and order 
• Technological advances 

• Wealthy middle class- employed large work force 
• Agricultural workers moved to the city 
• Cities were not ready for the influx of people 
• Living spaces were cramped , unhygienic 
• malnutrition 
• Cholera spread killing 31,000 
• WC became factory slaves 
• They lost acceptance of their traditional activities 
• Decreased space,health and indpendance 
• worked a 72hr week and a reduction in Saints Days
• Popular Recreation- Feudal system 2 classes
• Rational Recreation- 3 class system 

TRANSPORT 

• Railways allowed more people to travel to participate 
• This also increased spectatorism 

AMATEURISM + PROFESSIONALISM

• UC and MC were genleman amateurs 
• Took part for love of the game and intrinsic awards 
• WC played for money as professionals 

WOMEN IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN 

• Inappropriate for women to participate in sport 
• Overexertion thought to be medically harmful 
• Invention of lawn tennis in 1870s allowed wome nto participate in sport 
• Less facilities needed than real tennis 

• Class and gender affected participation 
• MC emergence important 
• MC had access to horses and bikes to travel 
• WC had to wait for opportunities via factories or local authorities 
• Lawn tennis was created by MC so they didnt have to travel to play real tennis 

• Still have decentralised amateur and voulentary ways of organising sport 
• Result of formation of NGBs and clubs over 100 years ago 
• Only recently has sport moved into professionalism 
• Centralised formula adopted by GB cycling 
• GB cycling only based in the manchester veladrome 
• NGBs were formed to have control of a sport - Ex public school boys