313 exam
- Created by: brogan2001
- Created on: 28-03-19 14:24
skull
cranium- around the brain and protects it, consists of 8 plates which are seperated by sutures, these plates are:
- parietal- top and part of sides
- frontal- front of cranium
- temporal- temple in front of ears
- occipital- back of cranium
- sphenoid- form base of cranium
- ethmoid- lower front behind nose
face- front of skull
mandible- horse shape bone forming lower jaw, articulating with cranium at TMJ
maxilla- forms upper jaw
cranial nerves
V th (5th) cranial nerve- trigeminal, divides into 3 nerve branches: opthalmic, maxillary and madibular
V11, (7th) cranial nerve- facial- supplies muscles of facial expressions, sensory branches of front 2/3 rds of tongue, submanibular and sublingual salivary glands
1X (9th) cranial nerve- glossopharyngeal- supplies throat, prosteria 1/3rd sensory branches of tongue
X11 (12th) cranial nerve- hypoglossal- supplies muscles on the tongue
upper maxillary nerves
anterior superior dental nerve- incisors, canine and buccal gum (123)
middle superior dental nerve- premolars and mesail of first molar and gum (456)
prosteria superior dental nerve- 2nd + 3rd molar and distal 1st molar and gum (678)
nerves on palate
naso- palatine nerve - supplies palatal gum on incisors and canine
greater palatine nerve- supplies palatal gum of caine, premolars and molars
two foramens- incisive and greater palatine
nerves for lower teeth
inferior dental nerve- supplies all lower teeth
long buccal nerve- supplies buccal gum to molars (678)
mental nerve- supplies lower lip, chin and buccal gum of incisors, canine and pre-molars (12345)
lingual nerve- supplies lingual line of lower teeth, passesa through inner surface of mandible, supplies anterior 2/3rds of tongue and floor of mouth
patient support
- calm voice
- standing next to patient
- being quiet
- monitorin patient
anaesthesia
topical anaesthesia- minimises pain when injecting
anaesthesia- loss of sensation, la produce loss of pain only
la blocks nervous impulses from source of stimilation so it doesn't reach barin.
local infiltration + nerve block
local infiltration- it places la under mucosal surface of oral cavity, penetrates pores of alveolar bone
nerve block- anaesthetising main nerve trunk, either before enters bone or leaves it.
common nerve blocks-
- inferior dental nerve,
- mental nerve block
- prosterior superior nerve block
intra-ligamentary, intra-osseous, intrapulpal
intra-ligmaentary- causes deeper anaesthesia
common syringe used is ligmaject, administered periodontal ligament around tooth, high force to be given, cartridge inclosed in plastic sheath incase it shatters
intra-osseous- given through alveolar bone
burs go through bone, needles placed i hole to administer la
intrapulpal- given into pulp of tooth, only used if other methods been unsuccessful
contents of la cartridge
contents
- anaesthetic- block electrical nerve transmission to brain
- sterile water- carrying solution
- buffering agents- maintain neutral PH
- preservative- adequate shelf-life
- vasoconstrictor- prolong action of la by closing blood vessels, so solution not carried away quickly
ingredients
- anaesthetic agent: lignospan, prilocaine, septanest or citanest
- vasoconstrictors: adrenaline and felypressin
adrenaline avoided for heart conditions, HBP
felypressin avoided for pregnant may induce womb contractions or onset premature labour
vasoconstrictors
narrows blood vessels so solution not carried away too quickly, prolongs anaesthtic. gives time for procedure without pain.
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