18th/19th Century Individuals
- Created by: Lauren Brixey
- Created on: 02-05-13 11:59
Edward Jenner
WHEN? 18th/19th Century
WHO? Country Doctor
BEFORE- Diseases (eg smallpox) killed thousands. Previos method- inoculation (giving people mild form of diease)- doctors would make large amount of money
WHAT HE DID- Discovered that milkmaids who caught cowpox were immune to smallpox- useds a vaccination
Edward Jenner
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- CHANCE- Lucky to discover people with cowpox where immune to smallpox
- GOVERNMENT- Given £50,000 by English government to fund work & President of USA supported Jenner- also Napoleon who vaccinated all his soldiers
OBSTACLES FACED
- Doctors disliked new method- cheap- lose money
- Feared it was harmful & wouldn't work
- Couldn't explain how it worked- made people suspicious
Edward Jenner
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Saved lives
- Introduced a new method of preventing a dangerous disease
LONG TERM IMPACTS
- Jenner was the first immuniser- basis of Pasteurs work 7 others
- Vaccination made compulsory in 19th Century
James Simpson
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Edinburgh Surgeon
BEFORE- Surgery in 19th Century- very dangerous. No way of solving problem of pain. Early methods of anaesthesia- laughing gas & ether- had problems
WHAT HE DID- Discovered Chloroform & realised it worked as an anaesthetic- campaigned for its use in surgery
James Simpson
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- CHANCE- Discovery while experimenting with chemicals- lucky
- SUPPORT- Queen Victoria used it with the birth of her 8th child- royal approval
- TECHNOLOGY- Development of chemistry- substances for S to work with
OBSTACLES FACED
- Church was against use- pain was a blessing from God
- Surgeons attempted more complicated opperations
- Army surgeons- preffered patient to be awake
James Simpson
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Brought immediate relief to those suffering in surgery
LONG TERM IMPACT
- Started procress towards Aseptic surgery- cleaner & safer opperating theatres
- Successful- more complicated procedures- save more lives
Joesph Lister
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Professor of Surgery
BEFORE- Huge problem of infection during surgery
WHAT HE DID- Found spraying carbolic acid over everything curing an opperation limited infection- following this with a bandage, the wound would heal and not become infected
Joesph Lister
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- SCIENCE- Pateurs germ theory- microorganisms spread disease & caused infection
- POWERFUL SUPPORT- Recieved an award from a university in Paris- highlighted work
- INDIVIDUAL GENIUS- Had seen carbolic spray used to treat sewage- thought it could be used in surgey
OBSTACLES FACED
- Listers spray soaked everything in an opperation- cracked skin & smelled-unpopular
- Didn't give public displays of his work- suspicious
- Surgeons believed speed was essential- spray slowed them down- unpopular
Joesph Lister
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Operating theatres became cleaner & infection spread less
LONG TERM IMPACT
- Started the process of Aseptic surgery
- Cleanliness became normal with sterile equipment, clean clothing & environment
Robert Koch
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? German Doctor
BEFORE- People didn't know what caused diease to spread or how to find cures- no way to treat diseases
WHAT HE DID- Discovered the microbes that caused Tuberculosis, Cholera & others- developed a way of extracting baterium & provided a system for others to follow. Developed a way of staining bacteria so you could study their behaviour
Robert Koch
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- SCIENCE- Powerful microscopes allowed Koch to study the behaviour of bacteria
- WAR- French & Germany had been to war- rivarly between Koch & Pasteur
- GOVERNMENT- Gave him a full time job & support team to allow his research
OBSTACLES FACED
- People had previosly believe microorganisms were created by spontaneous generation- this had to be proved wrong
Robert Koch
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Identified germs which caused tuberculosis & cholera- killer dieases
LONG TERM IMPACT
- Provided a way for others to find cures for killer diseases- saving thousands of lives
- Paved the way for discovery of new cures in 20th century
Louis Pasteur
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? French Scientist
BEFORE- Early 1800's- popular belief for cause of disease was bad air
WHAT HE DID- Developed the 'Germ Theory'- germs in air led to decomposition & developed vaccinations for chicken cholera, anthrax & rabies
Louis Pasteur
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- SCIENCE- Powerful microscopes- study behaviour of bacteria
- WAR- French & German had fought- rivarly for Pasteur & Koch
- GOVERNMENT- The French Government support P to outdo the Germans
OBSTACLES FACED
- Pasteur was a scientist, not a doctor- couldn't test on humans
- People believed in spontaneous generation- had to be proved wrong
- Pastuer was critised in being sloppy in his methods- used public demonstrations to show how it worked
Louis Pasteur
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Discovered cures for chicken cholera, anthrax & rabies
- Showed how diseases could be cured with vaccinations
LONG TERM IMPACT
- Germ Theory explains how disease spread- could be cured
- Influenced the work of Koch, Lister & others
- Proved disease was linked to poor living conditions- meant the government had to take action
Elizabeth Garret Anderson & Elizabeth Blackwell
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Female Doctors
BEFORE- Not since Roman times had female doctors been allowed
WHAT THEY DID- Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female doctors in America & Elizabeth Garret Anderson was the first to qualify in England
Elizabeth Garret Anderson & Elizabeth Blackwell
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- INDIVIDUAL GENIUS- Neither would give up on their quest to becoming doctors
- ATTITUDES- Nightingale proved woman could do a good job, atitudes relaxed
OBSTACLES FACED
- Universities barred both women from sitting entrance exams
- Some technologies such as forceps were witheld from them because of their gender
- Sexism- men didn't like the idea of female doctors
Elizabeth Garret Anderson & Elizabeth Blackwell
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Both changed attitudes towards women & showed female doctors could be equal to male doctors
LONG TERM IMPACT
- Helped in fight against sexism
- More females involved in medicine
Florence Nightingale
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? The Lady with the Lamp
BEFORE- Nurses were regarded as little more than domestic servants- reputation for being drunk & lazy- it was not a profession respected women went into
WHAT SHE DID- During the Crimean War- led a group of nurses to imporve standards. Imprved conditions- way patients were treated & standard of care. After the war she wrote a book on training nurses & helped design hospitals
Florence Nightingale
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- GOVERNMENT- Sent by British Government to improve standards in army hospitals
- WAR- Worked in Crimean war
- RELIGION- Believed God had called her to be a nurse
OBSTACLES FACED
- She was female- society thought a womans place was in the home
- From a wealthy background- parents didn't approve
- Army didn't like being told what to do by a woman
Florence Nightingale
SHORT TERM IMPACT
- Brought death rate down & improved standards in hospitals
- Helped desgin hospitals
LONG TERM IMPACT
- Changed the way nurses were thought of- made it a respectable profession
- Hospitals became healthier places
Dr John Snow
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? London Doctor
WHAT HE DID- Establshed the link between Chloera & infected water & worked out safe doses of anaesthetic
Dr John Snow
FACTORS IN SUCESS
- SUPPORT- Treated Queen Victoria with choloform- therefore respected doctor
- INDIVIDUAL GENIUS- idea of plotting outbreaks on a map- identify patter & help study epidemics
OBSTACLES FACED
- Couldn't prove why the illness spread
- Generally didn't lead to better water
Ignaz Semmelweiss
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Hungarian hospital director
WHAT HE DID- Worked out that hand washing reduced risk of infection
Ignaz Semmelweiss
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- Tested his theory across two wards & lectured findings
- Published a book in 1861
OBSTACLES FACED
- He was ignored- doctors didn't want to accep they caused death & claimed hand washing took up too much time
Robert Liston
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Renowned London Surgeon
WHAT HE DID- First European doctor to use anasthetic during an operation
Robert Liston
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- Prior development of anaesthetic in USA & publishing of results mean that knowledged was passed between doctors
- Notoriety from his earlier success as a speed surgeon at a large hospital
OBSTACLES FACED
- Mistook an aneurism for abcess- death
- Removed testicles by accident
- 300% mortality rate in one operation
Edwin Chadwick
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Public Health report writer
WHAT HE DID- Reported on effects of poverty & poor living conditions on health. Recommened Public Health Reform (1847)- led to Public Health act 1948
Edwin Chadwick
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- GOVERNMENT- Gave Chadwick the job of investigating sanitation & eventually introduced his recommendations
OBSTACLES FACED
- 1848 Act was mainly voluntary & many towns ignored it
- Some changes were reversed later
Joesph Bazalgette
WHEN? 19th Century
WHO? Engineer
WHAT HE DID- Designed & supervised a new sewage system
Joesph Bazalgette
FACTORS IN SUCCESS
- GOVERNMENT- They appointed & supported the development after Cholera outbreak & Great stink
- TECHNOLOGY- Sewage processing plants
OBSTACLES FACED
- Dealing with sewage made him ill- did get better
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