1896
North
Developed
Rich
Industry
South
Poor
Agricultural

Socio-economic
Wage: 8p per head
UK: 31p ­ FR: 26p
60% work on land
UK: 10%

Poor
Disease
o Malaria
o No water ­ cholera
Poor diet
Poor housing

New middle class & old upper
Old elite
o Families
More then Britain…

Italy's economic boom 1896-1912
Giolliti
= $ growth
GDP 1896 -1912 2.8% annually
Better then GB + France ­ 2%

Why
Europe thriving
Demand high
Emigration
o 1900-10 ­ 6m ­ sent back money
Gov spending on military & hydroelectric dams
= Industrial production
Low tariffs = trade ­ raw…

Divide

Dialect
North e.g. Tuscany different from South e.g. Sicilty
1890s only 2% spoke Italian
Politics & power ­ Tuscany
South rejected


Unification or conquest
Actually a conquest by Pedoniant (kings province)
= resentment and bitterness


Tax
New state= higher taxes and efficient
Live stock of poor = high tax…

Crispi
National identity
African empire

Abbasynnia
Disaster
Humiliated
Castrated




Internationally
Smaller population
Economically weak -> steal and iron to



Nationalists growing
`New Empire'
Anti-union polices
1909 ­ destabilising effect
Popular among influential ppl

1911 ­ Giolitti attempt for support
Abbasyinia
= Disaster
Too expensive and timely
Only gained coastal regions…

Giolitti
Skilled manipulator ­ transformismo & coalitions
Adowa 1896

Reforms
Government appeal
Infrastructure
Economy
1900-1907
Infrastructure 70%
(road building, aqueducts, railway improvements, irrigation
schemes)
End child labour
Women working hours ­ 11 hours
National insurance ­ sick and elderly
40 lire = baby
Neutrality if strikes

= Real wages agriculture…

Giotelli fall 1914
Radical opposition

Left ­
Revolution
people to power

Right ­
`corrupt elements' cleansed

Labour reforms + neutrality rule
= Alienated nationalists

Libyan war 1911-12
Unite nation
Stave off criticism
But..
Costly + brutal
People blamed him for loss
= Resigned march 1914



Impact
Changed government structure
Electoral…