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- The
boys rejected the schooling system and its values, and focused on leaving as
early as they could; although they attended school they rejected the norms and
values.
- While they did attend school they spent most of their time trying to disrupt or avoid lessons or just generally messing about in order to shake themselves free of any control the school could impose on them.
- Consciously developed an anti-school sub culture.
- By being in a subculture the bottom-stream pupils can raise their self-esteem by gaining status in front of their peers.
- Willis argued that the lads he observed were deliberately failing themselves in recognition of the inevitable manual working future that awaited them.
- They
valued traditional working-class masculinity which was synonymous with toughness and against weakness.
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- Manual
labour jobs are “drying up”
- Still relevant today as there’s a persistence of counter school cultures in contemporary societies.
- Helps address some of the weakness in Marxist approaches to education. Marxists argue schools prepare children for work, as if they’re docile beings simply doing as they’re told. Willis points out that these ‘lads’ consciously turn away from school and seek unskilled work rather than being ‘forced’ into it as traditional Marxists suggest.
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- Anti-school sub culture.
- Passive victims of socialisation
- NEET's (Not in education, employment or training)
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- Research was done by following 12 working-class school boys in the 1970's, Willis often referred to them as lads.
- Willis
conducted the study using interviews, observation and participant observation
in the school.
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