General Defences

Insanity

Starting Point for the Defence

A Defect of Reason

A Disease of the Mind

Not Knowing the Nature and Quality of the Act and that Legally Wrong

Consequence of Insanity Verdict

Problems with insanity 

Reform Proposals

Automatism 

There Must Be an External Factor

There Must Be a Loss of Control

The Automatism Must Not be Self-Induced

Problems With Automatism 

Proposals For Reform

Duress

Definition

How Serious Must The Threat Be?

Who Must Be Threatened?

The Graham (1982) Test

What If There Was a Safe Avenue of Escape?

When Must the Threat Occur?

What Must Be Threatened?

What if The Belief in a Threat Comes as a Result of Intoxication?

What if The Duress Is Self-Induced?

Duress of Circumstances

Necessity

Problems With The Law 

Intoxication

Voluntary Intoxication: Definition

Specific Intent Offences

Basic Intent Offences

Involuntary Intoxication

Intoxication and Mistake

Problems 

Proposals For Reform