you and your genes

Created by: naf
Created on: 28-10-12 12:03

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you and your genes
- proteins
  - structural
    - hair
    - blood
    - collagen
      - bones
      - tendons
      - cartilage
    - skin
  - functional
    - amalase
      - digestion
      - starch
- instructions
  - organisms
    - function
    - develop
  - nucleus
    - chromosomes
      - 23 pairs
      - DNA
        genes
- inheritance
  - variation
    - sexual reproduction
  - sex cells
    - females
      - **
    - males
      - XY
        Y
        absense
        ovaries develop
        
        presence
        triggers development of testies
  - alleles
    - dominant
      - 1 or 2 = will show
    - recessive
      - 2 = will show
      - 1 = no show
    - 2 alleles for each gene
      - hetrozygous (different)
      - homozygous (same)
- genetic disorders
  - huntingtons disease
    - dominant
    - symptoms
      - inability to concentrate
      - memory loss
      - late onset
      - clumsiness
      - mood changes
      - tremors
  - cystic fibrosis
    - recessive
      - not show symptoms
      - carrier (can pass to children)
    - symptoms
      - chest infections
      - difficulty digesting food
      - thick mucus
      - difficulty breathing
- genetic testing
  - testing before drug prescription
    - how drug affects person
    - effective treatment?
    - adverse reaction?
  - predictive testing for genetic diseases
    - couples = find out if their children are likely to inherit a genetic disease
    - check if they carry alleles for genetic disorders
  - in vitro fertilisation
    - checking the embryos for genetic disorders
      - pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
      - embryos for embryo selection
        genetically disordered embryos = discarded
        
        healthy embryos = mothers womb
  - implications
    - whether or not to have children at all
    - using results that may not be accurate, including false negative and false postives
    - whether or not a pregnancy should be terminated
    - risk of miscarriage as a result of sampling for the genetic test
    - whether other members of the family should be informed or tested
    - empolyers may not give the job to a person who is likely to get ill
    - insurance companies may refuse to give life insurance to people with the 'wrong' alleles
- clones
  - individuals with identical genes
  - bacteria, plants and some animals can reproduce asexually to form clones
  - any differences are due to environmental factors
  - clones of plants occur naturally when plants produce bulbs or runners
  - animals
    - artificially
      - when the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to an empty unfertilized egg cell
    - naturally
      - when cells of an embryo separate (identical twins)
- stem cells
  - adult stem cells
    - can develop into many types of cells
  - embryonic stem cells
    - can develop into any types of cells
      - offer potential to treat some illnesses
        can develop into many types of cells
  - the majority of cells of multicellular organisms become specialised during the early development of the organism