Witchcraze Depth Studies
- Created by: TaylorYS
- Created on: 09-05-19 19:29
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- Depth Studies
- East Anglia
- Context
- Civil War
- Charles I Vs Parliament
- Collapse of traditional authority
- King's opponents were the Puritans (Calvinists)
- Feared the Devil, believed Charles was his agent
- Charles I Vs Parliament
- Situation in 1645
- War outcome uncertain
- Overtaxing and inflation
- Poverty
- Civil War
- Victims
- Essex
- Elizabeth Clarke
- Accused by John Rivet
- Admitted to John Stearne association with witches
- Matthew Hopkins volunteered to help with the search for denunciations
- Matthew Hopkins
- Devout Puritan
- He and Stearne were responsible for the deaths of over 100 witches
- Used sleep deprivation on Clarke
- Familiars eventually appeared
- Clarke confessed and denounced Anne West
- Matthew Hopkins
- Matthew Hopkins volunteered to help with the search for denunciations
- Elizabeth Clarke
- Suffolk
- The fate of a was determined by local authority
- Confinement, sleep deprivation, and intimidation were used
- Finding a 'witches mark' was crucial
- Essex
- Causes/Reasons for prosecutions
- Profit Motive
- Hopkins took a large fee for his work
- Hopkins and Stearne chose locations they would recieve a warm reception
- Godly villages
- Gender
- Majority of the accused were women
- Contrasted by the prosecution of John Lowes (a local vicar in suffolk)
- Majority of the accused were women
- Religion
- Puritan preaching had convinced locals that the Devil posed a massive threat
- Reinforced by the Civil War
- Puritan preaching had convinced locals that the Devil posed a massive threat
- Strains of Warfare
- Local JPs were preoccupied with the war effort, local pressure got out of hand
- Profit Motive
- The End
- Opposition
- July 1645 report led to 9 pardons granted for Essex witches
- Hopkins and Stearne began to be questioned about their interrogation, fees, and evidence
- Restoration of Charles II in 1660
- Ruling elite focused less on witchcraft
- Opposition
- Key Indiividuals
- Matthew Hopkins
- Devout Puritan
- He and Stearne were responsible for the deaths of over 100 witches
- John Stearne
- Admitted to John Stearne association with witches
- Matthew Hopkins volunteered to help with the search for denunciations
- Used sleep deprivation on Clarke
- Familiars eventually appeared
- Clarke confessed and denounced Anne West
- Used sleep deprivation on Clarke
- Matthew Hopkins volunteered to help with the search for denunciations
- Staunch Puritan
- Former land owner
- Admitted to John Stearne association with witches
- Matthew Hopkins
- Context
- Salem
- Context
- Political
- The charter ran out in 1684
- Temporary governors lacked authority with a charter in place
- Fears that the colony would lose autonomy
- Royal Charter allowed colonialists freedom, and a Puritan theocracy
- New charter came in October 1691, Massachusetts had to conform to English law and allow religious toleration
- The charter ran out in 1684
- King William's War
- English colonialists Vs Native Americans
- Native American refugees warned of massacres and savagery
- Local Situation
- 600 residents in Salem
- Internal Disputes
- Putnams Vs Porters
- Agriculture Vs Capitalism
- Samuel Parris (Village Minister)
- Political
- Victims
- Tituba
- Made the 'witch cake' to be fed to a dog in order to seek out the afflicter
- Was named by the girls as an afflicter herself, along with 2 others
- Fit the natural stereotypes: outsiders/beggars/old women
- Sarah Good
- Accused Osbourne during her defence
- Sarah Osbourne
- Accused Good and Osbourne of being witches, as well as others in the village, during her own confession
- Martha Corey
- Accused by Ann Putnam of affliction
- Due to voicing sceptisism
- Accused by Ann Putnam of affliction
- Rebecca Nurse
- Accused by Ann Putnam of affliction
- Due to voicing sceptisism
- Accused by Ann Putnam of affliction
- Tituba
- Accusers
- Betty Parris
- Hysterical Behavior/Fits
- Determined by William Griggs (local doctor) to be the work of the devil
- Other girls began to suffer: Ann Putnam Jr, Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard
- All linked to the Putnams, or Wiliam Griggs
- The Putnam family threw their weight behind the prosecutions
- All linked to the Putnams, or Wiliam Griggs
- Potential causes:
- Psychological hysteria (through fear)
- Possession neurosis
- Convulsive ergotism (fungal infection)
- Asthma attacks
- Hysterical Behavior/Fits
- Abigail Williams
- Hysterical Behavior/Fits
- Determined by William Griggs (local doctor) to be the work of the devil
- Other girls began to suffer: Ann Putnam Jr, Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard
- All linked to the Putnams, or Wiliam Griggs
- The Putnam family threw their weight behind the prosecutions
- All linked to the Putnams, or Wiliam Griggs
- Potential causes:
- Psychological hysteria (through fear)
- Possession neurosis
- Convulsive ergotism (fungal infection)
- Asthma attacks
- Hysterical Behavior/Fits
- Betty Parris
- Causes/Reasons for prosecutions
- Spectral Evidence
- The girls claimed that they were being afflicted during the trial, by some invisible agent
- A judge could not convict based on spectral evidence alone, so this had to be supported with further accusations of malificarum
- There was some opposition to the use of spectral evidence
- The girls claimed that they were being afflicted during the trial, by some invisible agent
- The accused denouncing eachother/confessing
- Incited fear of the devil
- Fear meant somewhat of a move away from patriarchy
- Incited fear of the devil
- Social Tensions
- Spectral Evidence
- Context
- Bamberg
- Context
- Political
- Prince Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen (1609-1622)
- Determined to re-catholicise
- Invited Jesuits
- Founded new schools
- Tried to remove any taint of protestantism
- Burned around 300 'witches'
- Determined to re-catholicise
- Prince Bishop Johann Georg Fuchs von Dornheim (1623-1633)
- The 'Witch-Bishop'
- Killed around 600 victims
- 'Witch House' Torture Chamber
- Held 30-40 prisoners
- Aided by Bishop Friedrich Forner
- Leader of Counter-Reformation
- Author of witchcraft defence literature
- The 'Witch-Bishop'
- Prince Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen (1609-1622)
- Imperial Law (The Carolina)
- Salvatory Clause
- Following Imperial Law was optional
- The courts would go to universities for help during trials
- Standards of evidence, rules on torture, etc.
- Salvatory Clause
- Political
- Victims
- George Haan (Vice Chancellor of Bamberg) + family
- Accused as a witch sympathiser due to lenience as a judge
- Wife and daughter arrested, tortured, confessed, and burned
- George and son fled, returned, confessed, and burned
- Haan also confessed 5 others, who were also burned
- George and son fled, returned, confessed, and burned
- Johannes Junius (Lord Mayor of Bamberg)
- Haan also confessed 5 others, who were also burned
- One of the men denounced by Haan
- Tortured to the point of confessing
- Denounced relatives, family members, and other witches aswell
- Tortured to the point of confessing
- George Haan (Vice Chancellor of Bamberg) + family
- Causes/Reasons for prosecutions
- Counter-Reformatiion
- Re-catholicisation
- Though no true correlation between protestant areas and percentage of hunts
- It was clear the catholic authorities influenced the nature of the hunts
- Re-catholicisation
- Natural Disasters/War
- Crop Failures
- Scapegoats
- Famine
- Scapegoats
- Plagues
- Thirty Years War
- Furthered the Catholic conquest
- Loss of life and spread of disease
- Economic Depression
- Crop Failures
- Profit Motive
- Rich victims' property and assets were confiscated
- Chain Reaction
- Torture led to more 'named accomplices'
- Witches conformed less to stereotypes
- Counter-Reformatiion
- The End
- Imperial Opposition
- Emperor Ferdinand II
- Many plead for intervention from the imperial court
- Ordered Haan and Flock's release, but was ignored by Dornheim
- Eventually appointed a witch-hunt opposer as head of witch commission
- Basis for accusations had to be made public, and legal counsel allowed for defendants
- Emperor Ferdinand II
- Death of Bishop Forner
- Threats from Sweden
- King Gustavus forced Dornheim to flee (Feb 1632), and die in exile
- Imperial Opposition
- Context
- East Anglia
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