What's in a Medicine?
- Created by: Chantal
- Created on: 29-10-12 14:28
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- What's in a Medicine?
- Equilibria
- acids are proton donors
- Bronsted-Lowry Theory
- basas are proton acceptors
- Bronsted-Lowry Theory
- acids are proton donors
- Bonding and Structure
- Ionic
- electrostatic attraction holds oppositely charged ions together in a lattice
- conducts electricity when molten or in solution
- soluble in water
- Covalent
- nuclei are attracted electrostatically to shared electrons
- Molecule
- never conducts electricity
- Giant Structure
- high mpt.
- Ionic
- electrostatic attraction holds oppositely charged ions together in a lattice
- conducts electricity when molten or in solution
- soluble in water
- Metallic
- conducts electricity
- positive metal ions are attracted to delocalised electrons to form a lattice
- Ionic
- not soluble in water
- Metallic
- conducts electricity
- positive metal ions are attracted to delocalised electrons to form a lattice
- Metallic
- high mpt.
- Giant Structure
- low mpt. (break id-id or H bonds only)
- sometimes soluble in water(depending on polarity)
- never conducts electricity
- Giant Structure
- high mpt.
- not soluble in water
- high mpt.
- Dative Covalent
- both electrons come from one atom
- Dative Covalent
- both electrons come from one atom
- Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
- electron pairs will repel each other as far as possible
- lone pairs repel the most so have the biggest bond angles
- Ionic
- Organic Functional Groups
- phenols
- C6H6-R
- mix at room temp = ester
- acyl chlorides
- R-COCl
- ester
- R-COO-R
- acyl chlorides
- purple with iron(III) chloride
- weak acid - electrons delocalise
- carboxylic acids
- R-COOH
- form carboxylate ion so reacts with alkalis and carbonatesto form salts
- heat with acid catalyst = ester
- alcohols
- reflux, acidified potassium dichromate
- primary alcohols
- carboxylic acids
- R-COOH
- form carboxylate ion so reacts with alkalis and carbonatesto form salts
- heat with acid catalyst = ester
- alcohols
- reflux, acidified potassium dichromate
- primary alcohols
- distill
- aldehydes
- R-CHO
- aldehydes
- distill
- secondary alcohols
- ketones
- R-CO-R
- ketones
- primary alcohols
- reflux, acidified potassium dichromate
- ester
- R-COO-R
- alcohols
- distill
- aldehydes
- R-CHO
- aldehydes
- carboxylic acids
- secondary alcohols
- ketones
- R-CO-R
- ketones
- primary alcohols
- reflux, acidified potassium dichromate
- alcohols
- acyl chlorides
- R-COCl
- amines
- reflux with excess NH3 in ethanol
- halogenoalkanes
- R-C-X
- HCl, room temp /////////////// reflux with HaOH (aq)
- halogenoalkanes
- reflux with excess NH3 in ethanol
- halogenoalkanes
- R-C-X
- HCl, room temp /////////////// reflux with HaOH (aq)
- alkanes
- C-C
- nickel catalyst, 150 temp, high pressure
- alkenes
- HBr or Br2, 20 temp
- R-C=C-R
- water, conc sulfuric acid ////////// reflux with sulfuric acid
- HBr or Br2, 20 temp
- alkenes
- alkenes
- HBr or Br2, 20 temp
- R-C=C-R
- water, conc sulfuric acid ////////// reflux with sulfuric acid
- HBr or Br2, 20 temp
- Reaction Mechanisms
- hydrogen cyanide
- cyanohydrin
- Nucelophilic Addition
- cyanohydrin
- carbonyl compund
- cyanohydrin
- Nucelophilic Addition
- cyanohydrin
- hydrogen cyanide
- ethers
- R-O-R
- arenes
- C6H6
- acid anhydrides
- R-OC-O-CO-R
- cycloalkanes
- CnH2n
- phenols
- Applications of Organic Chemistry
- Medicines
- more effective medicines can be obtained by modifying existing the structure of existing medicines
- Clinical Trials
- Step II - Does it work?
- Step I - Is it safe?
- Step III - Is it better than the standard treatment?
- Atom Economy
- % atom economy = (Mr of product / Mr of all products) x 100
- high atom economy reactions are better for the environment - less waste products
- rearrangement
- 100% atom economy
- addition
- 100% atom economy
- addition
- elimination
- << 100% atom economy
- substitution
- < 100% atom economy
- Medicines
- Modern Analytical Techniques
- Thin Layer Chromatography
- to separate mixtures of molecules
- mobile phase
- small volume of solvent, below baseline
- stationary phase
- layer on silica on metal/glassplate
- pencil baseline to place mixture on
- small volume of solvent, below baseline
- solvent carries substances up plate at different speeds
- coloured dots for coloured substances
- Rf = distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent
- UV light
- iodine vapour (sealed jar)
- Rf = distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent
- colourless substances
- UV light
- iodine vapour (sealed jar)
- coloured dots for coloured substances
- Mass Spectrometry
- M+ peak
- second highest peak
- Mr of compound
- all peaks are positive ions lost
- CH3 = m/z 15
- C6H5 = m/z = 77
- M+ peak
- Infrared Spectroscopy
- IR radiation absorbed by bonds, so their vibrational energy increases
- Peaks/troughs so the wavenumber, which corresponds to a bond in a molecule
- Thin Layer Chromatography
- Equilibria
- solvent carries substances up plate at different speeds
- coloured dots for coloured substances
- Rf = distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent
- Rf = distance travelled by spot / distance travelled by solvent
- colourless substances
- coloured dots for coloured substances
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