WaterCycle

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  • Created by: dilys W
  • Created on: 25-03-20 10:04
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  • Water Systems
    • Hydrological Cycle
      • Evaporation
        • water heating into water vapour
          • Rate of evaporation depends on...
            • Closeness of air to saturation
            • Availability of water
            • Temperature high means air holds more water
            • Solar Radiation
            • Wind speeds
      • Infiltration
        • Water seeping into top layers
      • Throughflow
        • horizontal flow of water within soil layer
      • Surface runoff
        • Water flow on surface
      • Groundwater flow
        • Deep below surface horizontal flow, slow
      • Precipitation
        • Rain, snow, hail etc
      • Percolation
        • gravity flow of water wihtin soil
      • Condensation
        • Water vapour cooling into  liquid
          • Warm, moist air passes over cold surface
            • Clear night, warm space air, radiates out to space and cools ground
          • Volume of air increases no additional heat
      • Stemflow/interception
        • trees intercepting and collecting water
      • Transpiration
        • Leaves expellng water vapour
    • Global Stores
      • Lithosphere
        • Land
      • Cryosphere
        • Ice
          • Cryospheric processes
            • frozen  water or glaciers changing over long and short periods of time
              • Eg. Snow falling atop glaciers accumulating, compressing and becoming long term storage.
                • Short term would involve the snow melting.
            • Ice calving
              • breaking of ice chunks from edge of glacier
      • Atmosphere
        • Air
      • Hydrosphere
        • Liquid
      • Biosphere
        • Connects all- plants and animals, living.
    • Aquifers
      • A body of permeable rock which contains groundwater
        • Over 30% of water is stored underground in these reservoirs
          • Jakarta, the sinking city is taking too much out of theirs so the land is sinking.
      • Rock types?
        • Sandstone (P)
        • Chalk
        • Limestone
      • Why do some aquifers become Saline?
        • Sea water seeps in/ become inundated eg Kiribati
          • Increasing issue due to climate change and increased sea levels.
      • Fossil Aquifera
        • Aquifers that are not replenished ie in sahara due to no rainfall.
    • Causes for Flooding
      • Natural
        • relief rainfall
        • Glacial meltwater
        • thin or saturated soils
        • Steep slopes
        • high drainage density- lots of tributaries
        • inpermeable rock- geology
        • antecedent rainfall (rain previous to this rain)
        • Low lying Land
      • Human
        • climate change and increased rainfall
        • Deforestation- less interception
          • and rver silting from loose soils
        • urban drainage
        • Impermeable Surfaces
        • Farming- loss of natural water stores

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