Water Cycle and Water Insecurity
- Created by: Sailing26880
- Created on: 21-05-18 17:19
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- Water Cycle and Water Insecurity
- Hydro-logical Cycle
- Global
- Closed System of inputs, outputs, stores and flows and it is driven by GPE and Solar energy
- 97.5% ocean, 2.5% fresh water (68.7% glacial, 30.1% groundwater, 0.8% permafrost, 0.4% surface and atmospheric)
- Local
- Open system within the global system, specific to a local place.
- Global
- Rainfall
- Orographic (relief)
- warm moist air is forced to rise up and cools, over high ground producing heavy rain
- Frontal
- Fronts formed as part of a low pressure area when warm moist air is forced to rise over cold air = rain along the front
- Convectional
- High temperatures rainfall is intense and associated with electrical storms and thunder
- Orographic (relief)
- Processes
- INPUTS
- Rainfall, precipitation in any form
- PROCESSES
- Interception, temporary storage as water is captured by Plants
- Infiltration, water entering the top soil
- Surface run off, flow of water over land when it is saturated
- Throughflow, water seeping laterally through soil
- Percolation, downward seeping of water through rock under gravity
- OUTPUTS
- Channel flow, the volume of water flowing within a river channel (discharge)
- Transpiration, water taken in by plants and transpired to the leaf surface
- Evaporation, the conversion of water to vapour
- INPUTS
- Drainage Basin
- Physical factors
- Snow Capped Peaks
- Steep Slopes
- Permeable Soils and Rock
- Rural Land
- Urban Areas
- Impermeable Rock and Soil
- Forested Slopes
- Large Drainage Basin
- Reserviors
- Large Drainage Basin
- Forested Slopes
- Impermeable Rock and Soil
- Urban Areas
- Rural Land
- Permeable Soils and Rock
- Steep Slopes
- Snow Capped Peaks
- Human Impacts
- Over Abstraction
- Deforestation
- Urbanisation
- Reserviors
- Change in Land use
- Reserviors
- Urbanisation
- Deforestation
- Over Abstraction
- Physical factors
- Water Budget the balance between inputs and outputs and their impacts on the soil water availability influenced by climate type
- P=Q+E+/-S
- Precipitation Q-Discharge E-potential evapotranspiration S-Soil Moisture
- P=Q+E+/-S
- River Regimes, - Simple Rhone, Complex, Mississippi, Nile
- Storm Hydro-graph
- Drought
- Meteorological, Agricultural, Hydrological, Economic
- Brazil 2014-15, high pressure diverted the rain, high charge to drill new wells, illegal wells caused water contamination
- Surplus
- Carlisle Flood, steep gradient, Rock Ig./Met, orographic Rainfall, McVities factory, loss of homes, £6 bill infrastructure Claim
- ENSO/La Nina Conditions
- Water Stress below 1700m3 per person
- Water Scarcity, below 1000m3 per person
- Water Poverty Index, water resources, access to water, handling capacity, use of water, environmental indicators
- Water Scarcity, below 1000m3 per person
- The River Nile, Conflicts as Run through, Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia
- Managing Water Supplies
- China 3 Georges Dam
- Israel Sustainable, Virtual water Irrigation Desalination
- Saudi Arabia, Restoring Aquifiers
- Singapore, holistic management
- Saudi Arabia, Restoring Aquifiers
- Israel Sustainable, Virtual water Irrigation Desalination
- China 3 Georges Dam
- Hydro-logical Cycle
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