Was there a Mid-Tudor Crisis?

Created by: Eliza-Robyn1
Created on: 11-12-21 15:21

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Mid-Tudor Crisis
- Economy
- Foreign Policy
  - Mary I
    - 1553-1555
      - Spanish alliance inevitable as Mary is Queen
      - 1553 Hab-Valois wars still going on
        Have been going on since 1494
      - 1554 Marriage treaty w. Phillip
      - Spring 1555 MI showed interest in becoming arbiter of Europe
        Gravelines
      - Oct 1555 - Jan 1556 CV abdicated and Phillip becomes KofSp
      - 1555 new Pope - hates the Spanish
    - 1556
      - Feb 1556 Treaty of Vaucelles
        Between Phillip and Fr HII
        Both sides ran out of money so agreed to a temporary peace
      - July 1556 alliance between Fr and the Papacy
        Pope Paul IV = anti-Spanish
        
        Sept Phillip ends TofV and attacks Italy/ Papacy
        Fr counter attacks and Eng under pressure to join the war
        Marriage Treaty says Eng not get dragged into Sp wars
        
        Phillip asking Mary to attack but Eng trying to return to Rome
        Fr counter attacks and Eng under pressure to join the war
        Marriage Treaty says Eng not get dragged into Sp wars
        
        Strong opposition to joining in Eng
    - 1557
      - Jan 1557 Eng sent 6,000 defending troops to Neths
        Done as a defense measure to protect Neths
        Eng heir inherits Neths according to Marriage Treaty
        
        March 1557 Phillip returns to Eng to ask for help in wars
        Privy Council refuses
      - Fr tolerating Protestants and Marian Exiles
        April 1557 Prot exile Thomas Stafford tryed to invade Eng
        Landed at Scarborough but arrested within 3 days of landing
        Final Straw for Mary
        Rumors that Fr was going to attack Calais
        
        Rumors that Fr was going to attack Calais
    - War 1557
      - June 1557 Eng declared war on Fr
        Final Straw for Mary
        
        Navy put into the Channel to patrol, garrisons reinforced on border with Scot
        July 1557 Scot raids on the border began
        Auld alliance kicked in as expected
        
        Troops put on war footing in Calais
        
        July 1557 7,000 men sent to Fr as attackers
        Led by Earl of Pembroke
        
        Phillip sent an army of 70,000
      - Aug 1557 Battle of St Quentin
        Phillip vs HII
        Phillip won with minimal help from Eng
    - The Loss of Calais 1558
      - Mid winter 1558 launched a surprise attack across frozen marshes of Calais
        Not military etiquette as not in campaigning season
        
        2,000 Eng troops in Calais vs 27,000 Fr troops
        No reinforcements received
        
        Jan 1558 Fr captured Calais and the Pale within 3 weeks
      - Eng raised army of 7,000 to attack Brest, the French Atlantic Port
        Plan was to swap Brest for Calais
        
        Fleet of 140 attacked by only captured fishing villiage
      - Significance
        Economic
        Calais merchants not as important to Eng econ
        Merchant Adventurers more important
        
        Didn't need to pay for Calais garrisons
        
        Territorial
        Last bit of continental territory from 100 years war
        
        Inevitable that Fr would try to take it
        
        Military
        Calais used to lanch campaigns
        But Eng FP more Prot vs Cath
        
        Diplomatically
        Loss seen as failure of Sp-Eng alliance
        
        Image/ Morale
        KofE had rule since 1347 so seen as humiliating
    - 1558
      - Phillip and HII camped near Amiens ready for battle but prepared to negotiate
      - Oct 1558 peace talks begin at Catea Cambresis
        (See Elizabeth Notes)
        
        April 1559 Peace of Cateau Cambresis was signed
      - Phillip had asked for Calais back but then Mary died
  - Somerset
    - Aware of French aggression - 4000 troops to Scot
    - Som invaded Scot Sept 1547
      - 18,000 trops, 4,500 cavalry, 20,000 poorly eqipped men
      - Battle of Pinky Clough - Eng won but didn't take Edinburgh
        Som not decisive enough to take Scot
    - Sept 1547 Som garrisoned Scot
      - Scot nobels rallied Mary of Guise and asked for Fr help
        Agreed that MQS would marry Fr HII son
      - Som tried to isolate Scot by negotiating with Fr
        Fr not interested
      - Jan 1548 Som appealed to Scot for marriage with MQS and Ed
        Scot not interested
        
        Som tried to isolate Scot by negotiating with Fr
        Fr not interested
      - June 1548 Fr fleet landed in Scot
        Eng strengthed border at Carlisle and Berwick
    - Fr lay siege to Haddington - Scot garrison with 5,000 Eng soldiers
      - Som sent 12,000 infanty and 1,800 calarly to relive Haddington
        Believed Fr wouldn't attack Bolougne as too close to Nlands
        Aug 1549 Eng rebellion broke out taking troops away from Scot and Fr
        Fr resumed siege of Bolougne and Eng was no help
      - Eng won and Fr retreated - Som left and Fr resumed the siege
        Fr running out of supplies and Scot fed up with Fr in Scot
    - Cost of Scot campaign £580,000 during Som
  - Northumberland
    - France
      - War unpopular and expensive
        Siege of Bolougne - Eng beat Fr in channel, menaing Bol could be supplied by sea
        NBL has no money so can't sustain
        
        HII KofFr afraid CV will help Eng
        Bol not too far from Nlands
        
        1550 talks begin between Fr and Eng
        Treaty of Bolougne
        Eng withdraw from Fr
        
        Fr pay £1,333,333 to Eng for Bolougne
        
        Eng soldiers removed from Scot
        Eng troops withdraw after TofB but border issue not solved
        Border area disputed was 15x4 miles
        
        Defense alliance between Eng and Fr against HRE
        
        Ed to marry HII daughter - Treaty of Angers 1551
        
        Eng nobility saw it as a disgrace
    - Scotland
      - Poor relationship with Scot - rough wooing 1544
      - Eng troops withdraw after TofB but border issue not solved
        Border area disputed was 15x4 miles
      - NBL strengthened garrisons at Berwick and Carlisle
      - 1551 Eng and Scot sign Treaty of Norham
        Agreed the border would go back to same as in HVIII
        Meaning Eng lost all they had gained
        
        Humiliating but saves money
    - Holy Roman Empire
      - Defense alliance with Fr and Eng made CV feel betrayed by Eng
      - More radical Protestantism in Eng
        CV is the protector of Christendom
      - Ed pressures Mary to become Prot
        Mary considers leaving Eng and boat prepared for her to leave on
      - Trade with Neths broke down
        Cloth trade slowly declining in Antwerp
      - Eng ambassador to CV lectureed him on Prot
      - CV pressures Northumberland to attack Fr
    - Netherlands
      - April 1550 CV issues edict allowing Inquisition to arrest Prots in Neths
        Annoyed Eng merchants so modified not to include foreigners
        
        Many Dutch Prots fled to Eng
        Cloth trade starts to collapse
      - CV considers invading Eng due to defense alliance
        Eng responds by putting embargo on cloth to Neths
        CV stops all trade
        Harms both econs
- Religion
- Succession
- Domestic Policy
- Government

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Was there a Mid-Tudor Crisis?

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