War and Radicalism

Created by: LamisaAmber
Created on: 09-05-17 20:46

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War and Radicalism 1642-1646
- Royalist Cause
  - Loyalty and Tradition
    - Nobility owed status to Charles
      - Stuart England = Conservative - natural allegiance to King
        Pym's radicalism pushed moderates to King
  - Access to resources
    - Individual wealth of Royalist commanders e.g. Earl of Worcester donated £300k
      - Some linked directly to industries e.g. Evelyn family owned gunpowder business
  - Unified Command
    - King traditionally commander-in-chief = accepted
      - Already had experienced commanders and equipment
        Poor personnel decisions and failed to capitalise on opps
  - Strategy
    - Clear war aim but warring factions undermined it
  - Charles' Leadership
    - Some successful commanders e.g. Rupert
      - However, King wanted to fight till the death and not compromise, against advice of advisors e.g. Rupert
        Links to Henrietta alienated Protestants? - she advised total war
        Tactical blunders e.g. siege of Gloucester - didn't force surrender
        
        Calls truce with Irish rebells Sept 1643 - 22,000 troops returned in piecemeal = easily beaten
        
        2nd Cessation Treaty Aug 1645 - Charles willing to deal with Catholics - unites opp
  - Divisions
    - Moderates - 'Peace Faction'
      - Edward Hyde - wants a settlement, advises calling of Oxford Parliament and Uxbridge 1645
    - 'War' Faction
      - Digby and Rupert clash, Rupert unpopular with chief commanders
        Rupert realises that negotiations must take place in order for a settlement after Battle of Naseby June 1645
      - Henrietta causes problems through her Catholicism
      - King aimed at military win, disunity
  - Long-term Worries
    - Failed to press home immediate advantages
    - Divisions undermine goals and leadership
    - Armies and funds limited and unreliable sources, don't occupy London either
- Parliamentary Cause
  - Access to Resources
    - London
      - Access to it's wealth, population, links with trade
    - Created ordinances Jan 1644 to fund war effort reliably
      - Revenue increased by 50%
  - Foreign Links
    - Scottish alliance = military power
      - Resulted in divisions into Independents(war party) and Presbyterians(peace party)
  - Strategy
    - County committees to coordinate county defences - mobile
      - Progressive measures e.g. Impressment Ordinance enforced conscription
  - Leadership
    - Pym able to hold divisions together through 'middle' party
      - Laid foundations for success in war
    - Created strong financial foundations for the Parliamentarians
      - long-term success for them
      - Weekly assessments on London after losing at Edgehill
    - Pushed through alliance with Scots Sept 1643
      - Partly due to Charles' alliance with Irish
  - NMA
    - Effecicient, professional, disciplined = effective
    - Had strong financial foundations,
      - Guaranteed arms, wages, stability, content soldiers
    - SDO separated military and political interests
      - Promotion of skilled lower class officers, central, unified command
    - Gentles - religious zeal vs Kishlansky - not as new as made out
    - Before NMA - Associations and progressive measures however reluctant to move outside borders
  - Divisions
    - Peace Group
      - Holles, want settlement, fear of social disorder
    - Middle Group
      - Pym, Saye & Sele, Oliver St.John Offensive - King can't be trusted = duress needed
    - War Group
      - Haselrig, Marten - no negotiation with King, impose a settlement
  - Neutralism
    - Benefitted parl not king - Royalist soldiers looting etc = unpopular
    - Clubmen Associations welcome Parliament to get rid of Royalists in Royalist strongholds - weakening Royalist grip
- Events of Civil War
  - Royalist High Point 1642-3
    - Initially strong due to short-term advantages
    - Remained intact after Battle of Edgehill, took Banbury and Oxford
    - Didn't pursue Oxford Treaty negotiations Jan 1643
    - Failed to push surrender at Gloucester Aug 1643 and didn't take London
  - ParliamentarySupremacy August 1643-Autumn 1645
    - Won Battle of Marston Moor July 1644, Siege of York
    - Won Battle of Naseby June 1645, Siege of Bristol Sept 1645
- Radicalism
  - Parliamentary
    - Pym's actions throughout 1641-6
  - Religious
    - Merchant leaders of London Mob usually independent religion
    - Separatists want to separate from C of E - becomes political as King = head of C of E
      - Threatened gov - undermined hierarchy and obedience
        Collapse of authority and censorship 1640-2 = no longer have to develop in secret
        London Mob spread pamphlets= political radicals e.g. Levellers emerge
        Millenarianism, Baptists etc
        
        Only made up small % of pop but used by conservatives to scare people
    - In the NMA
      - Lower ranks prayed, preached and debated
        Cromwell protected separatists civilians and solideres
        Fear from conservatives of social unrest- promotion from lower, radical ranks
        'Army of Saints'?
        
        'Radical Religious Zeal'?
        Liberated psychologically because of this
        'Army of Saints'?
  - Popular
    - London Mob
      - Working class, merchants, traders, wanted more representation and say in running of country and less for crown
      - London = political centre, independent governance to a degree
      - Direct action e.g. petitions, demos, strikes
      - Calivinism spread through trade routes = key point for Puritan radicalisation
        Merchant leaders of London Mob usually independent religion
      - Important manufacturing centre - pop of 400,00
      - Salter's Hall Committee 1634
  - A departure from tradition

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War and Radicalism

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