Vulnerabilities to addiction
- Created by: Jack
- Created on: 04-05-15 15:54
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- Vulnerabilities to addiction
- These are also called risk factors, and are the 'stress' part of the diathesis-stress model.
- 1) Age
- AO1
- Adolescents (aged 11-17) are most at risk to addiction.
- AO2/3
- BROWN - peer pressure is strongest influence to start smoking for adolescents.
- SHRAM - studied neural activity of rats. Found nicotine increased neural activity quickest and most in 'adolescent rats'.
- But it is an animal study, so we may not be able to generalise to humans.
- 'CANADA HEALTH' - adolescent smokers are more likely to have other addictions - smoking is a gateway addiction.
- AO1
- 2) Peer pressure
- AO1
- Peer pressure is the behavioural influence of people around us,
- AO2/3
- DRAUS - heroin addicts support each other socially with their addiction (longer term addicts show new addicts how to do it).
- SUSSMAN AND AMES -if a lot of your friends are addicts and you aren't, you are more likely to begin an addiction due to trust in friends (strong predictor of future drug use).
- SUSSMAN AND AMES - initiation of addiction could be due to other factors, like family conflict, poor supervision, etc.
- BULLERS - individual chooses their friendship group, therefore peer group may not actually be as influential as thought.
- AO1
- 3)Personality
- AO1
- Personality is an individuals beliefs and ideals.
- Eynsenck said there were 3 aspects to personality: psychoticism (goal orientated without influence of others), neuroticism (worry, anxiety) and extraversion (social).
- Personality is an individuals beliefs and ideals.
- AO2/3
- FRANCIS - using a questionnai-re, they found a correlation between high neuroticism and psychoticism scores and addiction.
- AO1
- 4) Gender
- AO2/3
- OGDEN AND FOX - female smokers see smoking as a diet suppressant.
- JACOBS - males are more likely to gamble.
- AO1
- Smoking is highest among adolescent girls (in the UK and US)
- This is because they perceive smoking as form of weight control (by hunger suppression).
- Smoking is highest among adolescent girls (in the UK and US)
- AO2/3
- 5) Media
- AO1
- Social learning theory (SLT)
- Mainly vicarious reinforcement, addiction tends to be shown in a positive way (e.g. James Bond).
- Adolescents are the most vulnerable, in a similar way to peer pressure.
- Mainly vicarious reinforcement, addiction tends to be shown in a positive way (e.g. James Bond).
- Media = movies, TV, adverts.
- Social learning theory (SLT)
- AO2/3
- Addiction in films
- SULKENEN - 140 scenes from 47 films showed positive images of addiction.
- HAZAN - continual exposure is called the 'movie exposure effect'.
- ? - media has 11 times more images of smoking than real life.
- Affect of media on smoking
- SARGENT AND HANEWINK-EL - 4384 adolescents over 1 year. Found correlation between number of 'media' with smoking seen and them starting smoking.
- However
- If media is so influential, we should be able to use it to treat addiction
- KRAUER - 2 groups of alcoholics in Holland. 1 shown TV guide on stopping alcoholism over 6 weeks, the other was a control group. Found majority of group 1 had quit, none of group 2 had.
- RM: Very low validity as group 1 had doctors, psychologists, etc to help, but group 2 had no therapy until after the 6 weeks.
- Therefore role of SLT and media not as strong as first thought (must be other factors involved).
- RM: Very low validity as group 1 had doctors, psychologists, etc to help, but group 2 had no therapy until after the 6 weeks.
- KRAUER - 2 groups of alcoholics in Holland. 1 shown TV guide on stopping alcoholism over 6 weeks, the other was a control group. Found majority of group 1 had quit, none of group 2 had.
- If media is so influential, we should be able to use it to treat addiction
- Addiction in films
- AO1
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