Urban issues and challenges
- Created by: Anoupinto
- Created on: 03-12-18 19:44
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- urban issues and challenges
- urbanisation
- urbanisation-the "increasing proportion of people living in urban areas such as towns and cities"
- HICs- high income countries
- urbanisation happened earlier (eg in industrial revolution) so most people now already live in urban areas
- very slow rates of urban growth
- more people are moving to live in rural areas for better quality of life
- this can happen because of good transport and communication
- more people are moving to live in rural areas for better quality of life
- LICs- low income countries
- highest global rates of urbanisation in LICs
- not many of the population live currently live in urban areas
- highest global rates of urbanisation in LICs
- NEEs- newly emerging economy
- percentage of population varies
- some such as Thailand and Nigeria are experiencing rapid urban growth
- percentage of population varies
- more than 50% of the worlds population live in urban areas
- HICs- high income countries
- caused by rural-urban migration and natural increase
- rural-urban migration- movement of people from countryside to cities, affected by push and pull factors
- push factors-push people away from areas (countryside)
- Natural disasters can damage property that people cant afford too repair
- mechanisation- machines such as agricultural ones don't need people to work them anymore which means fewer jobs
- conflict or war can push people to leave
- desertification can make land infertile so people cant support themselves
- pull factors- pull people to an area
- more and better paid jobs in urban areas
- mainly young people who then have children which increases population
- access to better health care and education
- means people will live longer in the areas which increase population
- to join friends or family
- people think they will have a better quality of life
- more and better paid jobs in urban areas
- push factors-push people away from areas (countryside)
- natural increase- population growth when birth rate is higher than death rate
- rural-urban migration- movement of people from countryside to cities, affected by push and pull factors
- high rates of urbanisation leads to growth of mega cities
- megacity- city where 10 million people live
- 34 megacities in the world and 2/3 are in LICs and NICs
- megacity- city where 10 million people live
- urbanisation-the "increasing proportion of people living in urban areas such as towns and cities"
- Urban growth creates oppurtunities and challenges for LICs
- Mumbai
- West India, in Maharashtra state, East coast of Arabian sea
- Importance
- internationally
- top 10 centers of commerce
- the two ports handle more than a third of India's foreign trade
- 42 universities with 550,000 students from around the world
- centre of Bollywood film industry
- home to many TNC (transnational corporations) including Disney and GSK
- 29th largest city by GDP
- nationally
- Major shipping route, going to New York, Italy and South Africa, also has a major airport
- Makes 6% of India's GDP
- 40% of Indias foreign trade
- US$10 billion collected in Mumbai
- 25% of India's industrial production
- highest number of millionaires in India
- per capita income higher than Indian average
- 33% Indias income tax comes from Mumbai
- per capita income higher than Indian average
- handles 60% of Indias sea trade
- major transport hub
- regionally
- More jobs than in rural parts of Maharashtra state and higher paying
- more local health care
- more schools and universities
- higher than average literacy rate for state
- internationally
- Importance
- Urban growth
- causes
- Mumbai's urban population is estimated to be over 22 million and By 2030, Mumbai will have an estimated population of 28 million.
- migration
- job oppurtunities
- Increased use of machinery has forced people out of farming; Maharashtra is very rural
- small scale famers are vulnerable to bad harvest as they are dependant on crops
- job opportunities in service industries and the manufacturing industries which pay higher wages
- more schools, health care facilities and entertainment
- rural-urban migration
- job oppurtunities
- natural increase
- very high birth rate
- more children as lots die and they are needed to earn money for family
- very high birth rate
- oppurtunities
- social
- health
- poor have access to basic medical services that they either would not have in the rural areas or would have to travel very long distances for
- easier access to a wider range of medical services including doctors, hospitals and nurses.
- education
- want their children to have a much better chance in life than themselves.
- better literacy rate
- water supply
- access to clean water that does not transmit parasites or cause cholera
- no time consuming labour intensive walk to the local well
- energy
- people live with all of the benefits of energy and electricity.
- health
- economic
- huge range of job opportunities from the working for a major financial institution, to the most basic such as rag pickers
- formal economy- pay tax, worker protection, holiday rights and a regular wage
- 85% of people have a job dharavi and work locally, and some have become millionaires.
- informal economy-untaxed, no minimum wage, no holiday rights and often work in dangerous conditions
- offer poor, uneducated people a chance to earn money and improve their quality of life
- social
- challenges
- Dharavi
- economic
- earn around a £1 a day
- work under the hot sun in awful conditions
- social
- water
- few water pipes that are on for 2 hours a day
- old pipes that have cracks
- next to open sewage so some leaks into pipes
- water-borne diseases
- next to open sewage so some leaks into pipes
- sanitation
- 500 people share one toilet
- spreads disease
- 500 people share one toilet
- health
- doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhoid.
- low life expectancy
- poor conditions, bad quality water and dangerous jobs
- water
- environmental
- waste disposal
- 7,500 metric tonnes of waste every day produced
- Everything is recycled. 80% of plastic waste gets recycled in Dharavi.
- pollution
- water pollution
- 77% of households suffer from poor water quality
- air pollution
- very dirty air has dangerous levels of Nitrous Oxides and small dust particles
- water pollution
- traffic congestion
- more than 22 million vehicles registered in Mumbai
- noise and air pollution
- more than 22 million vehicles registered in Mumbai
- waste disposal
- economic
- Dharavi
- causes
- West India, in Maharashtra state, East coast of Arabian sea
- urban planning in Dharavi
- demolishing slum and building high rise tower blocks
- positives
- don't have to live in waste
- organised waste management services
- they have addresses and people can be registered
- tax can be collected
- extra services can be delivered
- tax can be collected
- clean water piped to every home
- no more queues
- don't have to live in waste
- negatives
- people lose jobs sorting through it
- organised waste management services
- very small apartments 21m squared
- families will be split up
- more cramped than slum
- little communal space
- loses sense of community which is key feature of slum
- will have to commute to work
- people lose jobs sorting through it
- Slum Rehabilitation Authority
- positives
- demolishing slum and building high rise tower blocks
- Mumbai
- London
- South East England on River Thames
- importance
- London is part of Europe’s economic core, the area producing the majority of the GDP or wealth of Europe
- also has Global reach, through its major airports Heathrow and Gatwick, and its economic pull via the City of London and the Stock Exchange.
- London is one of the most visited cities in the world
- highest tourist spend in the world with $21.1billion in 2011
- 8.3 million people
- London’s population is 12.5% of the UK’s on just 0.6% of the land
- growth
- urban change
- oppurtunities
- social
- environmental
- economic
- challenges
- social
- environmental
- economic
- impact of urban sprawl
- oppurtunities
- UK
- Unevenly distributed population
- one of the most urbanised countries in the world
- 82%
- The further North you go, the sparcer the population density is
- sustainability
- Water and energy conservation
- waste recycling
- creating green space
- urbanisation
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