unit 1 biology - cells and microscopes
- Created by: ryanjames1011
- Created on: 07-06-21 17:59
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- microscopes
- unit 1 biology - cells and microscopes
- cells
- eukaryotic
- plant
- structure (except centrioles) is the same as animal
- chloroplasts: for photo synthesis
- vacuole: stores water and other substances
- cell wall: for support and protection
- structure (except centrioles) is the same as animal
- structure
- plasma membrane: protects cell from surroundings and regulates movement of substances in and out of cell
- nucleus: surrounded by a double membrane (envelope) which has pores in
- nucleolus: region of dense dna and protein. it makes ribosomes
- centrioles: makes the spindle in cell division
- lysosome: contains digestive enzymes. destroys old organelles and pathogens
- 80s ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- cytoplasm: fluid that fills a cell. has many molecules dissolved in solution. site of metabolic processes
- golgi apparatus: modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for transport
- vesicle: small membrane bound sac which transports and stores substances in the cell
- mitochondrion site of respiration. contains 70s ribosomes and dna. central jelly called the matrix
- endoplasmic renticulm
- rough: has ribosomes on the surface. proteins are made here
- smooth: lipids made here
- plant
- prokaryotes - a single cell with no membrane bound organelles
- gram negative
- don't retain the crystal violet stain because the cell wall has an outer layer
- more resistant to antibiotics because they have an outer wall after the cell wall which protects them
- structure
- plasmids: double stranded dna in a circle. contains genes such as antibiotic resistance and other things vital for survivial
- 70s ribosome: makes proteins
- nucleoid: a length of dna which is folded
- cell wall: made of a sugar and amino acid called peptidoglycan
- capsule: layer outside of the cell wall which protects from drying out and being engulfed
- gram negative
- eukaryotic
- specialised cells
- plant
- in the leaves, the upper epidermis, lower epidermis and palisade mesophyll cells are specialised
- palisade cells are cylindrical so they can pack tightly. they contain chloroplasts to capture as much energy from light as possible
- root hair cells are a fine protrusion from the cell. this provides a large surface area to volume ratio to absorb water and minerals
- animal
- sperm cells have a mid region full of mitochondria to provide energy for movement. the heas (acrosome) contains enzymes to digest the egg
- red blood cells are bioconcave discs with no nucleus. this allows them to carry more oxygen as there is a larger surface area to volume ratio
- white blood cells can squeeze through capilaries and are found in tissues as well as blood to ensure they can easily travel around
- egg cells have a jelly layer called the zona pellucida which stops more than one sperm entering
- plant
- cells
- the specimen must be thin so light or electron beams can pass through
- electron has a far greater magnification than light. but you can only examine dead material
- total magnification = eyepiece lens x objective lens
- magnification = length of the image divided by the actual length
- unit 1 biology - cells and microscopes
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