Topic 2
- Created by: Sailing26880
- Created on: 11-04-18 15:11
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- Prokaryotes
- TOPIC 2
- Gametogenesis
- SPERNATOGENESIS
- OOGENESIS
- Fertelisation,
- ACROSOME - sperm touches zona pellucida of egg, acrosome bursts releasing enzymes to digesst ZP
- MEMBRANE FUSION - surfaces fuse so sperm can enter egg's cytoplasm
- CORTICAL REACTION - vesicles inside egg (cortical granuals) fuse with cell membrane so no more sperm can enter
- FERTILIZATION - chromosome from sperm and egg combine to restore the diploid number
- CORTICAL REACTION - vesicles inside egg (cortical granuals) fuse with cell membrane so no more sperm can enter
- MEMBRANE FUSION - surfaces fuse so sperm can enter egg's cytoplasm
- ACROSOME - sperm touches zona pellucida of egg, acrosome bursts releasing enzymes to digesst ZP
- Chromosomal Mutation
- Monosomy - Turners Syndrome, females missing an x chromosome - infertile
- Polysomy - Downs syndrome, 2 copies of the same chromosome
- Meiosis
- Independent assortment and crossing over = variation
- 1- a diploid parent cell gives rise to 2 haploid daughter cells each with 1 set of chromosomes
- 2- separates the chromatids, 4 cells creates the gametes
- Cell Cycle
- Interphase, Grpwth 1, Growth 2, Ctokenesis
- Mitosis
- PROPHASE - centrioles move to opposite poles, chromosomes coli and become visible, nucleus dissapears.
- METAPHASE - spindles fibers, centrioles, chromosomes, attached to spindles at centromere.
- ANAPHASE - spindles contract, centromeres contract so chromatids can be pulled towards opposite poles.
- TELOPHASE - nuclear membrane, nucleous, centrioles, chromosomes unwind
- ANAPHASE - spindles contract, centromeres contract so chromatids can be pulled towards opposite poles.
- METAPHASE - spindles fibers, centrioles, chromosomes, attached to spindles at centromere.
- PROPHASE - centrioles move to opposite poles, chromosomes coli and become visible, nucleus dissapears.
- Viruses
- DNA Viruses - contain DNA which act as a template for the manufacture of a new DNA and mRNA to make viral proteins
- RNA Viruses - contain RNA and make new RNA from it.
- Retroviruses - a special type of RNA virus where it directs the synthesis of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which makes DNA versions of the RNA
- Lytic Cycle - vial genetic material is dependent on host and ten they are released by lysis
- Retrovirus - special lysogenic case, RNA is translated into DNA by reverse transcriptase
- Lysogenic Cycle - viral nucleic acid id incoporated into host and spread. may remain latent for years before spread.
- Staining
- IODINE SOLUTION - starch blue black
- ETHANOIC ACID - stains DNA reddish purple
- METHYLENE BLUE - stains nuclei and chromosomes blue
- PHOTORGLUCIONOL - stains lignin, found in plant cells, red
- Magnification
- image size = actual size x magnification
- Eukaryotes
- Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER) - single, flattened sacks enclosed by a membrane with ribosomes on the surface proteins made here
- Smooth ER- single, tubular sacks made of membrane lipids made here
- 80s Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus - single curved sacks enclosed by a membrane, each one is smaller than the previous modifies and packages proteins for transport
- Lysosome - single membrane destroys old organelles and pathogens using enzymes
- Centrioles - 2 hollow cylinders at right angles to each other form spindles in cell division
- Nucleus - Double envelope with pores - stores DNA
- Nucleolus - region of DNA + proteins making ribosomes
- Gametogenesis
- Plasmids - One or more, a small circular single length of DNA
- Nucleoid - not membrane bound, folded up DNA
- Cell Wall - made of peptoglycan
- Gram + = Thick, retains purple stain
- Gram - = Thin doesn't hold purple stain but safrainin counter stain
- Cell Wall - made of peptoglycan
- Nucleoid - not membrane bound, folded up DNA
- TOPIC 2
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