Topic 1 - Intelligence
- Created by: RagingSlothSoup
- Created on: 14-01-19 16:29
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- Topic 1 - Intelligence
- Intelligence (g)
- Spearman (1904) - intelligence should be measured by a single test of cognitive skills
- Your ability of reason, problem solve, decide, learn and act successfully in pursit of your valued goals
- Spearman (1904) - intelligence should be measured by a single test of cognitive skills
- gf and gc
- Horn and Catell (1967) - intelligence has two parts: fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence
- Intelligence is not what you know but what you do when you don't know something
- gf - reasoning and problem-sovling abilitied
- gc - vocabulary, general information and knowledge
- Horn and Catell (1967) - intelligence has two parts: fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence
- Multiple Intelligence
- Spatial
- Kinasthetc
- Intrapersonal
- Musical
- Interpersonal
- Logical - Mathematic
- Linguistic
- Genetic Heritability
- The extent to which intelligence is passed from parents to children purely by means of their genes
- Twin Studies, Adoption Studies, Family Studies and Genetic Testing
- Desriveres et al (2014) - Individuals with a variant of NPTN has a thinner layer of grey matter in the left cerebral hemisphere and performed less well on IQ tests.
- DNA analysis, MRI scans and IQ tests.
- Large sample of teenagers
- Hill et al (1999) - 32% of individuals in the high IQ group had a variant of IGF2R whereas it was 16% for average IQ group
- Quasi IV (mean IQ of 136 (bright) and 103 (average)
- Children aged 6-15 from the UK
- The extent to which intelligence is passed from parents to children purely by means of their genes
- Gender
- Haier et al (2005) - males have more grey matter in their frontal and parietal lobes and females have more grey matter in different areas of the frontal lobe and Broca's area
- MRI scans
- Frontal and parietal lobes are associated with motor skills and high-level reasoning
- Different areas in the frontal lobe and Broca's area is associated with speech and writing.
- Males have a higher standard deviation than females in terms of IQ.
- Haier et al (2005) - males have more grey matter in their frontal and parietal lobes and females have more grey matter in different areas of the frontal lobe and Broca's area
- Key Research: VAN LEEUWEN ET AL (2008)
- Evidence for the biological basis of intelligence
- Concordance rates for intelligence was higher in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, sibilings and parents
- Monozygotic - one egg/ identical
- Dizygotic - two eggs/ non-identical
- Associative mating results showed a 0.33 correlation between the IQ of parents due to phenotype assortment
- Non-random productive patterns that involve individuals with similar observable traits or genes mating with each other
- 0.33 correlation shows a weak positive correlation between the two variables
- After the Rasch model was applied, the effect of genes on intelligence was 67%, the rest can be accounted for by random environmental factors not cultural transmission
- The Rasch model takes into account the difficulty of each item and controls for the extraneous variables of whether items were harder or easier for different participants
- Cultural transmission is the transmission of environmental factors from the parental generation to the offspring generation, and is shared between sibilings
- Children pre-disposed to have a low IQ through genetics will seek out non-stimulating environment, suggesting a GE interaction.
- Certain environments may activate a gene (GE interaction)
- Similarly children pre-disposed to have a high IQ will seek out stimulating environments
- There was no gender difference in mean IQ scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices.
- Concordance rates for intelligence was higher in monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, sibilings and parents
- Aim: investigates whether biological factors and/or environmental factors might affect intelligence.
- Van Leeuwan predicted: genetic effect would explain a large part of any individual differences in intelligence
- 112 families took part
- Recruited from Netherlands Twin Registry
- Mean age of twins was 9.1 years
- 23 MZ male, 23 DZ male, 25 MZ female, 21 DZ female, 20 pairs of opposite sex twins
- Zygosity of the twin was tested at VU medical center
- 23 MZ male, 23 DZ male, 25 MZ female, 21 DZ female, 20 pairs of opposite sex twins
- Siblings average age is 11.9 years
- Fathers average age was 43.7 years
- Mother average age was 41.9 years
- Day 1: Cheek swab for DNA isolation (collected at home)
- Day 2: Cognitive testing in laboratory
- Raven's standard progressive matrices (SPM)
- 60 items in 5 sets of 12
- becomes more difficult so provides an index for intelligence
- Raven's advanced progressive matrices (AMP)
- 12 practice questions and 36 test items
- Increasing difficulty and complexity
- Raven's standard progressive matrices (SPM)
- Day 2: Cognitive testing in laboratory
- Conclusions
- Individual differences in intelligence are largely explained by genes that are passed from parent to offspring
- Parental influence on children's IQ can be explained by the transmission of genes while cultural transmission from a parent doesn't have an effect.
- Environmental factors are more important for those pre-disposed with a low IQ than those pre-disposed to a high IQ
- Environmental factors which can influence IQ are generally not shared by siblings.
- Evidence for the biological basis of intelligence
- Application: a method of testing intelligence - Raven's progressive matrices
- A visual spatial test and is multiple choice.
- It is used to measure intelligence in America and to identify gifted and talented children.
- takes approximately 30 minutes
- Pattern completion questions
- filling in a pattern based on an image shown. It is multiple choice
- Serial reasoning questions
- They are given a pattern and they have to identify the correct pattern
- should be easy depending on their age.
- They are given a pattern and they have to identify the correct pattern
- Presented in a 6x6, 4x4, 3x3 or 2x2 matrix
- There is a high correlation between gf and general intelligence
- matrices are used as a general intelligence test - for overall cognitive ability.
- There is a high correlation between gf and general intelligence
- It measures GF
- Fluid intelligence/ innate ability
- proposed by Horn and Catell (1967)
- reasoning and problem solving abilities, using new information without relying on previously acquired knowledge and skills
- The ability to deal with novelty, to adapt one's thinking "fluidity" to a new, unfamiliar problem
- Fluid intelligence/ innate ability
- It's a non-verbal test
- It is administered on a computer or on paper
- This is done so it doesn't require language skills, it is culturally neutral and those with language disabilities can use it
- It is administered on a computer or on paper
- Parallel versions of the items have been introduced over time
- Many questions were becoming to widely known since its creation in 1936
- There are three different versions
- Raven's advanced
- For adults 18+, 48 items
- Raven's standard
- for children aged 7-18, 60 items, BW
- Colour progressive matrices (CPM)
- 4-7 yr old, elderly and mental & physical disabilities
- 38 items - Colour and BW
- 4-7 yr old, elderly and mental & physical disabilities
- This allows us to test different abilities based on their individual differences to ensure no one is at a disadvantage
- Raven's advanced
- A visual spatial test and is multiple choice.
- Intelligence (g)
- Evidence for the biological basis of intelligence
- Genetics plays a role in intelligence
- 67% of intelligence is affected by genes
- Intelligence is affected by genes more than the environment but they do not act alone as there is 33% unaccounted for
- 67% of intelligence is affected by genes
- There is a relationship between genetics and intelligence
- Correlation of MZ twins was higher than DZ twins, siblings and parents
- MZ twins have the same genetic make up, the similarities in genetics could explain the higher correlation.
- Correlation of MZ twins was higher than DZ twins, siblings and parents
- One biological factor that could affect intelligence
- Assorted related results between the IQ of parents 1 and 2
- If parents have high IQ level it could be passed onto their children
- Assorted related results between the IQ of parents 1 and 2
- Influence of the family on intelligence
- Environmental factors are more important for children with a pre-disposition for low IQ than those pre-disposed to have a high IQ
- This means that if a child is brought up in an intelligent family they are more likely to have a high IQ compared to a family with lower intelligence
- Environmental factors are more important for children with a pre-disposition for low IQ than those pre-disposed to have a high IQ
- Genetics plays a role in intelligence
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