Topic 1

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  • Topic 1
    • Mass spectrometry
      • 1. Heat and vaporize
      • 2. Ionization to positive ions
      • 3. Accelerated through an electromagnetic field
      • 4. Seperated and deflected
    • Atoms
      • Proton
        • Found in the nucleus
        • Relative mass of 1
        • +1 charge
      • Neutrons
        • Found in the nucleus
        • Relative mass of 1
        • Neutral charge
      • Electrons
        • Found in orbital
        • 1/1840 relative mass
        • -1 charge
      • Relative isotopic mass
        • The mass of 1 atom of an isotope compared to 1/12 of the mass of 1 atoms of carbon-12
      • Relative atomic mass
        • The average mass of one atom compared to 1/12 of the mass of 1 atom of carbon-12
    • Ionisation energy
      • The energy required when 1 mole of gaseous atoms form 1 mole of gaseous ions with a single or more charge
      • First ionisation energy
        • X --> X? + e?
      • Second ionisation energy
        • X? --> X²? + e?
      • Factors affecting ionisation energy
        • 1. Attraction to the nucleus
        • 2. The distance of electrons from the nucleus (atomic radii)
        • 3. Sheilding of electrons in the inner shells
    • Periodicity
      • S block- group 1 & 2
        • S subshell - spherical shape, holds up to 2 electrons
      • P block- 3,4,5,6,7 & 8
        • Dumbbell shaped- PX, PY, PZ orbitals in a P orbital each containing 2 electrons. the P orbital can have up to 6 electrons
      • D block- transition metals
      • Spin diagrams
        • Electrons fill up the boxes one at a time until having to fit another one in
      • Atomic radii decreases from left to right
      • 1st ionisation energy increases from left to right
      • More energy needed to melt Na, Mg and Al due to metallic bonds

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