TOPIC 1
- Created by: Sailing26880
- Created on: 11-04-18 13:02
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- TOPIC 1
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides - OH Bellow on Alpha, Above on Beta
- Disaccharides - glycosidic bonds
- C-O-C
- Polysaccharides - Multiple carbohydrate molecules joined together through glycosidic bonds
- Starch - a-glucose amalose 1-4 bonds, amylopectin 1-4 & 1-6 bonds (branching)
- Glycogen - a-glucose like amylopectin but more frequent 1-6 branches
- Cellulose - B-glucose lie next to each other, alternative inversion allowing hydrogen bonding.
- Lipids
- hydrophobic acids made from fatty acids and glycerol
- Triglycerides - 3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol molecule- synthesized during condensation reaction.
- Functions - large long term energy stores. - waterproofing and insulating
- Phospholipids- phosphate and glycerol = head and fatty acid = tails
- Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Peptide Bonds
- STRUCTURE
- TERTIARY - A helix or B pleated sheets
- SECONDARY - how polypeptide chains are held together
- QUATERNARY - different chains held together
- PRIMARY - sequence of amino acids
- HAEMOGLOBIN - globular, found in red blood cells, $ subunits joined by an oxygen
- COLLAGEN - fibrous. gives strength to tissues, tendons and skin, 3 a helixes and hydrogen bonds.
- Nucleic Acids
- phosphate attached to pentose sugar and attached to a nitrogenous base
- phosphodiester bonds
- mRNA = CODON, tRNA = ANTICODON
- DNA Replication: 1- helicase unzips 2- RNA primae adds RNA sequences 3- DNA Polymerase III adds nucleotides to strands in 5' to 3' direction 4- lagging strand = okazaki fragments 5- DNA Polymerase I removes RNA primers 6- DNA Ligase joins okazaki fragments together
- Protein Synthesis
- Transcription: 1- starts at promoter region 2- mRNA made from template strand RNA Polymerase moves along making mRNA 3- hairpin loop forms 4- mRNA leaves nucleus to get to the cytoplasm
- Translation: 1- ribosomes assembles the 30s unit then the 50s unit 2- AUG (start codon) binds to P site 3- tRNA binds to A site , peptide bond formed between amino acids 4- tRNA exits E site
- Mutation- Substitution: one amino acid is changed Deletion: remove an amino acids Insertion: add an amino acid
- SICKLE CELL ANEMIA - glutamic acid changes to valine (GAG>GUG) less efficent to carry CO2
- Enzymes
- Highly Specific, each substrate is specific to the enzyme
- Induced Fit, substrate changes shape to fit the active site
- Competetive Inhibition
- Non-Competitive Inhibition
- End Product Inhibition
- Non-Competitive Inhibition
- Highly Specific, each substrate is specific to the enzyme
- Water
- Dipole Nature
- Properties - highly specific heat capacity H bonds - High surface tension H bonds - incompressible - maximum density at 4C (ice floats)
- Dipole Nature
- Carbohydrates
- Factors affecting enzyme: Temperature, pH, Substrate conc, Enzyme conc
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