Tools of Monetary Policy

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  • Tools of Monetary Policy
    • Repurchase agreements (REPO)
      • Short term borrowing for dealers in government securities
      • REPO
        • dealer sells government securities to investors
        • max 24 hours
      • Maturity date may be the next day or many days later
        • Overnight
      • Acquired specified amount at an agreed interest rate
        • Return securities on a specified future date
    • Reserve Requirement
      • Modify Interest rates
      • Target numerical changes in the quantity of money
      • proportions of deposits that banks must hold in cash
      • Decrease = Expansionary
        • Increases the monetary base therefore supply
        • Increases funds the bank has to lend out
    • Open Market Operations
      • Feds buy and sell domestic assets with central banks
      • produce target federal fund rates
      • Influences short term interest rates and short term money supply
      • Selling assets = Contraction
    • Foreign Exchange Intervention
      • Assets bought or sold are foreign currency and foreign assets
      • Developing countries intervene to build reserves  for themselves
        • To stabilise the exchange rate
      • Allows investors to be more comfortable with transactions using the currency of questions
      • Done if currency out of sync with country economy
    • Discount Window- discount rate policy
      • Discount rate
        • interest rate reserve bank gives to commercial
        • Lowering = expansionary
      • Central banks lend to member commercial banks on collateralised basis
        • Commercial bank places eligible collateral with central bank
    • Direct Instruments
      • Interest rate controls
      • Bank-by-bank credit ceilings
      • Direct Lending by central banks

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