To what extent did the economy and government of Russia change in the years 1881-1914?
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- To what extent did the economy and government of Russia change in the years 1881-1914?
- Alexander III
- Nikolai Bunge (1881-1887)
- Created the peasant land bank
- Designed to encourage peasants to expand their land.
- Was to small to be effective.
- Created the peasant land bank
- Ivan Vyshnegradsky (1887-1892)
- Raised money for industrialisation.
- Raised taxes and got foreign investment.
- Small railway network
- Heavy industry in Ukraine
- Oil production in Baku.
- Exported lots of grain to finance policies despite a famine.
- Raised money for industrialisation.
- Nikolai Bunge (1881-1887)
- Sergei Witte (1892-1903)
- Most important finance minister
- Railways
- Trans-Siberian railway.
- To open up the eastern empire.
- Exploit Russia's natural resources.
- Linked western cities
- Only partially finished.
- Linked oil refineries in Baku to the Black Sea.
- Massive increases in production 10 fold
- Stimulated growth of iron and coal industry.
- Massive increases in production.
- Trans-Siberian railway.
- Foreign investment
- Put the rouble on the gold standard
- Encouraged foreign investors especially France and Belgium.
- Foreign investment in 1890 was 200million roubles by 1900 it was 900million.
- Encouraged foreign investors especially France and Belgium.
- Put the rouble on the gold standard
- Economy grew 8% in a year.
- Had to increase taxes to fund industrialisation.
- Peasants didn't spend money on consumer goods.
- Didn't improve agriculture.
- Peasants didn't spend money on consumer goods.
- Industry in other countries was by middle classes.
- Russia didn't have a large one.
- Grew slowly due to sate control of industry.
- Russia didn't have a large one.
- Stolypin
- Ruthless attitude to unrest.
- New court system where offenders were rapidly tried.
- Made Tsarism more unpopular.
- Agricultural reforms.
- Each peasants had unconditional right to land(1906)
- Peasants could have their own landholding.
- Only 25% could afford it.
- Agricultural education
- Little change in agricultural technique.
- Sold land to the peasant land bank for resale.
- Scrapped redemption payments
- Emigration to Siberia
- Encouraged migration to less dense areas to increase production.
- Trans-Siberian railway helped.
- Offered cheap land and tax exemptions.
- 3 million emigrated.
- Wasn't given enough time
- Assassinated in 1911
- WW1 broke out in1914.
- Ruthless attitude to unrest.
- Political reforms.
- October manifesto
- Freedom of speech, religion, press
- An elected Duma that had actual authority.
- Duma had to approve Tsars laws
- A second manifesto promised abolition of redemption payments.
- Strikes were called off
- Demonstration in favour of the Tsar.
- St Petersburg Soviet was dissolved.
- Fundamental law (1906)
- Tsar had supreme autocratic power.
- Broke promises.
- Tsar could govern by issuing decrees (article 87)
- A council of state made up of Tsarist sympathisers.
- Laws had to be approved by the council of state and Tsar.
- Made reform unlikely
- Ministers were appointed by the Tsar.
- October manifesto
- Alexander III
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