To what extent was Kennedy's New Frontier programme thwarted by Congressional opposition?
- Created by: amisavage99
- Created on: 13-06-17 00:12
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- To what extent was Kennedy's New Frontier programme thwarted by Congressional opposition? (20 marks)
- Thesis: Congressional opposition
- Most achievements were foreign policy
- Lacked a strong mandate - won by a small margin (113,000 out of 68 million votes)
- Complex relationship with Congress
- High priorities (tax reform, federal education aid, health insurance for the aged) never passed
- Education
- Schools Assistance Bill (1962) defeated when it didn't provide for parochial schools
- Education
- Conservative coalition (southern Democrats and Republicans)
- e.g. Civil Rights - cautious
- Either rejected or watered down
- e.g. Minimum wage increase - Southern Democrats (Carl Vinson) ensured exclusions (350,000 poorly paid - lots of black Americans)
- e.g. Equal Pay Act (1963) - didn't cover all workers/ no enforcement
- e.g. increase in social security tax (by 0.25%) 'killed off' by Houe Ways and Means Committee chairman Wilbur Mills (Southern Democrat)
- e.g.even the Area Redevelopment Act (1961) was blocked from futher funding ($455m)
- High priorities (tax reform, federal education aid, health insurance for the aged) never passed
- Most achievements were by Presidential Executive Order
- Antithesis: JFK was able to get enacted important parts of his programme
- Area redevelopment
- Clean Air Act (1964)
- National Park Service extensions
- Area Redevelopmet Act (1961) - $394m to places like Appalachia
- Created the Departmet of Urban Affairs
- Able to increase the membership of the House Rules Committee (30/1/1961) - decided debates in the HoR
- CEEO (Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity) in 1961 - quotas on federal jobs for black Americans
- First affirmative action
- the Peace Corps
- USA experiencing economic prosperity
- Trade reform
- JFK got $7-9bn more from Congress in May 1961 for the space race
- Alan Shepard and Virgil Grisson,JohnGlenn (20/2/1962)
- Housing Act (1961) - $4.8bn to fund poor housing projects
- Area redevelopment
- Thesis: Congressional opposition
- Used executive orders to increase school lunch programmes/ milk (700,000 children)
- Higher Educational Facilities Act (1963) - $145m for stem grad schools
- Antithesis: JFK was able to get enacted important parts of his programme
- Area redevelopment
- Clean Air Act (1964)
- National Park Service extensions
- Area Redevelopmet Act (1961) - $394m to places like Appalachia
- Created the Departmet of Urban Affairs
- Able to increase the membership of the House Rules Committee (30/1/1961) - decided debates in the HoR
- CEEO (Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity) in 1961 - quotas on federal jobs for black Americans
- First affirmative action
- the Peace Corps
- USA experiencing economic prosperity
- Trade reform
- JFK got $7-9bn more from Congress in May 1961 for the space race
- Alan Shepard and Virgil Grisson,JohnGlenn (20/2/1962)
- Housing Act (1961) - $4.8bn to fund poor housing projects
- Area redevelopment
- Antithesis: JFK was able to get enacted important parts of his programme
- Higher Educational Facilities Act (1963) - $145m for stem grad schools
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