Education and Reform in Britain
- Created by: tomtom11
- Created on: 14-05-16 10:50
View mindmap
- To what extent has educational reform led to widening opportunity?
- 1918 'Fisher' Education Act
- Increased school leaving age to 14.
- Provided nursery schools for toddlers.
- Made 'continuation schools' for students over 14 to pursue education for 1 day a week.
- Few were produced due to lack of funding under 'Geddes Axe' (cut govt spending) in '22.
- Provided nursery schools for toddlers.
- Few were produced due to lack of funding under 'Geddes Axe' (cut govt spending) in '22.
- Scrapped fees for all elementary education.
- Punished firms who employed school-age children.
- Provided free, compulsory health checks for secondary school pupils.
- 1926 Hadow Report
- Elementary schools to be replaced with primary schools for pupils aged 5-11
- tri-partite system for those 11-15. Grammar (academics), technical (practical trade), and Moderns (the rest)
- Nothing was done on the report.
- LEAs tried to update to 'modern' schools, but amount of WC kids in secondary education was static.
- 1944 'Butler' Education Act
- School leaving age raised to 15 in '47.
- Secondary education to be made free and universally available.
- (LEAs made to be directed and controlled by a new Ministry of Education)
- 11-plus exam determined which school you went to.
- Secondary Technical- specialised in mechanical and technical education.
- Very few established due to expense/
- Secondary Modern gave a general education to pupil.
- 70% of pupils went to such schools in the '50s.
- Grammar schools
- Highly academic, focused on English Literature, 'classics', and pure Maths.
- 20% of pupils went to Grammar schools in the '50s.
- Secondary Technical- specialised in mechanical and technical education.
- Due to lack of technical schools, 11+ was seen as a pass/fail test, condemning the failures to a second-class education.
- Gender divides there in both schools. Secondary: Mothercraft for girls and woodwork for boys. Grammar- girls focus of languages/arts as opposed to Maths and Science.
- Crosland Circular (1965)
- '64, 10% of pupils went to comprehensive schools, which arrived due to tripartite debate.
- Anthony Crosland's Circular 10/65
- Called for Universal comprehensive education.
- Wanted to eliminate separatism in secondary education.
- Many LEAs looked as if they may ignore the Circular.
- '66- government said that LEAs would only gain funding if they adopted comprehensive reform.
- Many LEAs, thus, adopted comprehensive reform.
- '70s
- The Conservative government removed this, but did little to halt growing reform.
- Many teachers and middle-class parents pushed for comprehensive reform.
- Labour's '76 Government reintroduced comprehensiveness and removed funding from direct grant schools.
- '79- 150 Grammar Schools left. 33% of students were educated at comprehensive schools in '70. Increased to 62% by '74 and 90% by '79.
- 1967 Plowden Report.
- Large programme of nursery school building.
- More project-based work was carried out at primary schools, rather than teacher-led activities
- There was a focus on learning through play in early years teaching, because of the acceptance that all children learn at a diferent pace.
- Teaching of punctuation and grammar was seen as a hindrance to creativity and a threat to progress.
- Inner London Education Authority took really relaxed approach.
- Teachers called by first name
- No school uniform.
- Kids could choose which classes to attend, and watch TV if they didn't feel like it.
- Many parents became concerned with the relaxed approach.
- Other educational reforms causing progress.
- Top 20% of students took O-levels until the CSE was introduced in '65.
- Many more students now left with qualification.
- '73 Education (Work Experience) Act
- Raised leaving age to 16.
- Set up work experience in place of lessons for final-year students.
- More students going to Uni due to increased funding.
- Top 20% of students took O-levels until the CSE was introduced in '65.
- Universities
- Before the Robbins Committee Report
- '20-'50, proportion of university costs met by student fees fell from 1/3 to under 1'8.
- Number of students in unis increased from 20,000 in 1900 to 38,000 in '38
- Oxford and Cambridge educated 22% of all students in '39
- University of London rose from 13,000 in '39 to 113,000 in '62
- After the Robbins Committee Report (1960)
- Govt. funding for Unis increased from £1m in 1919 to over £80m in 1962.
- Number of students increased to 113,000 in '62.
- Robbins said the key areas for concern were a lack of funding and the number of places available for prospective students.
- He recommended a universal nation grant to be provided to all uni students.
- He also recommended a large increase in state funding to enable thr growth of uni places.
- '62-'70, universities increased from 22 to 46.
- York + Lancaster known as 'plate-glass' unis due to their unique architectural style.
- Council for National Academic Awards enabled non-unis to award degrees.
- Opened the Open University in '69, which was aimed at adults.
- 34 Tech colleges elevated to polytechnics.
- However, the y focused on vocational courses and were seen as inferior.
- Between '70 and '83, no. of students increased from 185,000 (31% female) to 237,000 (42% female)
- Number of students in higher education remained much lower than other industrial nation.
- Greater Social Mobility due to higher wages being able to be demanded.
- After the Robbins Committee Report (1960)
- Smaller University college gained independence after WWII. These included:
- Reading ('26)
- Nottingham, Southampton and Exeter (1948-57)
- Proportion of 18-21 year olds in uni education increased from 0.8% to 4% between 1900 and 1962.
- '61-- only 13% of Oxbridge students were female, and the number of WC students there were tiny.
- After the Robbins Committee Report (1960)
- Govt. funding for Unis increased from £1m in 1919 to over £80m in 1962.
- Number of students increased to 113,000 in '62.
- Robbins said the key areas for concern were a lack of funding and the number of places available for prospective students.
- He recommended a universal nation grant to be provided to all uni students.
- He also recommended a large increase in state funding to enable thr growth of uni places.
- '62-'70, universities increased from 22 to 46.
- York + Lancaster known as 'plate-glass' unis due to their unique architectural style.
- Council for National Academic Awards enabled non-unis to award degrees.
- Opened the Open University in '69, which was aimed at adults.
- 34 Tech colleges elevated to polytechnics.
- However, the y focused on vocational courses and were seen as inferior.
- Between '70 and '83, no. of students increased from 185,000 (31% female) to 237,000 (42% female)
- Number of students in higher education remained much lower than other industrial nation.
- Greater Social Mobility due to higher wages being able to be demanded.
- Before the Robbins Committee Report
- 1918 'Fisher' Education Act
Comments
No comments have yet been made