Theme 2 Mindmap

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  • Theme 2
    • York Floods
      • Causes
        • There was a long period of wet weather before the flooding, so the land in the catchment area was already saturated
        • York had experienced a lot of new building developments in recent years
        • River flow in the upland areas is fast with lots of sediment and experiences of relief rainfall
        • In October and November 2000, 125mm of rain fell in 8 days
        • On 4th November, the River Ouse rose rapidly to 5.38m, the highest level in 375 years
        • The Foss Barrier prevented large areas from being flooded, but 2 pumps failed, leading to the flooding of Northern York
      • Effects
        • 2 out of 10 city center roads remained open
        • Crops were destroyed in rural areas and fields were waterlogged for days
        • Trains were cancelled as the station and tracks were waterlogged
        • Over 350 homes were flooded and 3,000 people put on evacuation alert
        • Businesses were forced to be closed and many needed repairs
        • The A19 at Fulford was impassable for 9 days,restricting access to the city from the south
        • River levels remained high for 14 days
        • The estimated total cost of the flood was £4 million
      • Responses
        • In October 2001, the government granted an extra £1.5 million towards flood defences in the region
        • 1,600 bridges had to be checked following the floods across North Yorkshire
        • More than 5,000 sandbags were used to prevent homes from flooding
        • Consultation after the flood with the Environmental Agency identified that York had been well protected, but other areas downstream, including Selby, need more defences
    • Holderness Coastline
      • The Holderness coastline is the fastest eroding coastline in Europe
      • The Holderness coastline erodes at an average of 2 metres per year
      • The main reason for its erosion is because the bedrock is made up of till, which was deposited by glaciers over 18,000 years ago
      • Mappleton have built rock groynes on the coast to slow down the erosion
        • The council built these rock groynes in 1991, costing £2 million to put in place
      • A rock revetment has been built in Easington
        • Easington produces 25% of the UK's gas power
    • Cyclone Nargis
      • Effects
        • 146,000 people were reported dead or missing
        • $10 million of damage occured
        • 75% of hospitals and clinics were badly damaged or destroyed
        • 10,000 people were killed by the sea surge due to its coastal area
        • The agricultural land near the Irrawaddy Delta is very fertile, and it's regarded as being 'the nation's rice bowl'
          • Any damage to this area would affect the whole country
        • Labutta, a small town in the south west of the delta region, was devastated with 50% of houses being destroyed
      • Causes
        • Burma lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator
        • Burma's coastal regions receive over 5,000mm of rain annually
          • This means there is more fuel for the cyclone in the coastal and delta regions
        • The low pressure created a storm surge, measuring 6.3m high
      • Responses
        • Burma's military government declined international aid for several days, in an attempt to try and handle the situation theirselves
          • Burma accepted aid from certain countries, such as India and Bangladesh on May 6th
        • Over 2 weeks after the storm,relief had only reached 25% of the country
        • 12,400 families were provided with new homes
        • 25 schools were built, benefiting around 3,250 children
        • Over 160,000 people were provided with basic health care
    • Desertification in Mali
      • Desertification is when the climate of a dry region becomes even drier. Vegetation dries or is eaten by grazing animals and the soil becomes vulnerable to soil erosion
      • Human factors
        • Farmers allow their goats to overgraze shrubs, and vegetation is killed
        • Trees are cut down for firewood and cooking
        • Commercial farms use the land so intensively that the soil is quickly worn out
      • Physical factors
        • Less vegetation means less water is returned to the atmosphere by evapotransiration
        • The rain in the wet season is unpredictable and can be very heavy, causing soil erosion
        • Rainfall totals are gradually falling
      • Bunds are used to return moisture to the dry land
        • A bund is a line of rocks about 1 metre wide which returns moisture to the surrounding dry ground by condensation
    • Amazon Rainforest
      • Organisations such as WWF and Greenpeace are examples of organisations which work to protect the rainforests and their wildlife
      • WWF
        • WWF works with governments in order to create protected areas and parks
          • WWF worked to create the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park, which is the world's largest protected tropical forest area, as it is 9.5 million acres big
          • These parks protect the trees, nature and wildlife within them
      • Methods of sustainable development and management in rainforests such as the Amazon Rainforest include afforestation, shifting cultivation, rubber tapping and measuring trees

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