Theme 2 Mindmap
- Created by: MattEnglish1
- Created on: 29-10-16 14:15
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- Theme 2
- York Floods
- Causes
- There was a long period of wet weather before the flooding, so the land in the catchment area was already saturated
- York had experienced a lot of new building developments in recent years
- River flow in the upland areas is fast with lots of sediment and experiences of relief rainfall
- In October and November 2000, 125mm of rain fell in 8 days
- On 4th November, the River Ouse rose rapidly to 5.38m, the highest level in 375 years
- The Foss Barrier prevented large areas from being flooded, but 2 pumps failed, leading to the flooding of Northern York
- Effects
- 2 out of 10 city center roads remained open
- Crops were destroyed in rural areas and fields were waterlogged for days
- Trains were cancelled as the station and tracks were waterlogged
- Over 350 homes were flooded and 3,000 people put on evacuation alert
- Businesses were forced to be closed and many needed repairs
- The A19 at Fulford was impassable for 9 days,restricting access to the city from the south
- River levels remained high for 14 days
- The estimated total cost of the flood was £4 million
- Responses
- In October 2001, the government granted an extra £1.5 million towards flood defences in the region
- 1,600 bridges had to be checked following the floods across North Yorkshire
- More than 5,000 sandbags were used to prevent homes from flooding
- Consultation after the flood with the Environmental Agency identified that York had been well protected, but other areas downstream, including Selby, need more defences
- Causes
- Holderness Coastline
- The Holderness coastline is the fastest eroding coastline in Europe
- The Holderness coastline erodes at an average of 2 metres per year
- The main reason for its erosion is because the bedrock is made up of till, which was deposited by glaciers over 18,000 years ago
- Mappleton have built rock groynes on the coast to slow down the erosion
- The council built these rock groynes in 1991, costing £2 million to put in place
- A rock revetment has been built in Easington
- Easington produces 25% of the UK's gas power
- Cyclone Nargis
- Effects
- 146,000 people were reported dead or missing
- $10 million of damage occured
- 75% of hospitals and clinics were badly damaged or destroyed
- 10,000 people were killed by the sea surge due to its coastal area
- The agricultural land near the Irrawaddy Delta is very fertile, and it's regarded as being 'the nation's rice bowl'
- Any damage to this area would affect the whole country
- Labutta, a small town in the south west of the delta region, was devastated with 50% of houses being destroyed
- Causes
- Burma lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the equator
- Burma's coastal regions receive over 5,000mm of rain annually
- This means there is more fuel for the cyclone in the coastal and delta regions
- The low pressure created a storm surge, measuring 6.3m high
- Responses
- Burma's military government declined international aid for several days, in an attempt to try and handle the situation theirselves
- Burma accepted aid from certain countries, such as India and Bangladesh on May 6th
- Over 2 weeks after the storm,relief had only reached 25% of the country
- 12,400 families were provided with new homes
- 25 schools were built, benefiting around 3,250 children
- Over 160,000 people were provided with basic health care
- Burma's military government declined international aid for several days, in an attempt to try and handle the situation theirselves
- Effects
- Desertification in Mali
- Desertification is when the climate of a dry region becomes even drier. Vegetation dries or is eaten by grazing animals and the soil becomes vulnerable to soil erosion
- Human factors
- Farmers allow their goats to overgraze shrubs, and vegetation is killed
- Trees are cut down for firewood and cooking
- Commercial farms use the land so intensively that the soil is quickly worn out
- Physical factors
- Less vegetation means less water is returned to the atmosphere by evapotransiration
- The rain in the wet season is unpredictable and can be very heavy, causing soil erosion
- Rainfall totals are gradually falling
- Bunds are used to return moisture to the dry land
- A bund is a line of rocks about 1 metre wide which returns moisture to the surrounding dry ground by condensation
- Amazon Rainforest
- Organisations such as WWF and Greenpeace are examples of organisations which work to protect the rainforests and their wildlife
- WWF
- WWF works with governments in order to create protected areas and parks
- WWF worked to create the Tumucumaque Mountains National Park, which is the world's largest protected tropical forest area, as it is 9.5 million acres big
- These parks protect the trees, nature and wildlife within them
- WWF works with governments in order to create protected areas and parks
- Methods of sustainable development and management in rainforests such as the Amazon Rainforest include afforestation, shifting cultivation, rubber tapping and measuring trees
- York Floods
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