The Nature of Memory - Short Term Memory
Revision aid for the short term memory based on AQA A board.
It has a simple colour coding system:
Light Green - AO1 Points
Red - AO2 (limitations)
Vibrant Green - AO2 (strengths)
Orange - AO2 (Validity)
Blue - AO2 (Application)
- Created by: Emma Butler
- Created on: 08-05-13 16:42
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- The Nature of Memory: Short Term Memory
- Duration
- Capacity
- Jacobs (1887) created a string of digits or letters. Ppts had to recall the 1st , then 1st and 2nd , then 1st, 2nd , 3rd, etc.
- Findings : Average span of digits was 9.3. Meanwhile for letters it was 7.3 items.
- Issues with order effects as digits and letters are repeated
- Simon (1974) found that people had a shorter memory span for larger chunks, than smaller chunks
- Practical Application : Baddeley applied the theory of chunking to Post code
- Miller (1956)
- Miller conducted a meta-analysis and found that on average we can remember 7 Item s . He alslo concluded that we can remember 7 letters just as well as 7 small words (chunking)
- Cowan (2001)
- After a meta-analysis Cowan suggested STM capacity was more around 4 chunks
- Vogel et al (2001) supports this when looking at visual information
- can be used to criticise Miller (1956)
- Jacobs (1887) created a string of digits or letters. Ppts had to recall the 1st , then 1st and 2nd , then 1st, 2nd , 3rd, etc.
- Peterson (1959)
- Method: 24 Students were given 3 consonants followed by 3 digits (WRT 147). They were then asked to count down from Number in 3s or 4s. when asked to stop the Ppt then had to recall 3 letters
- There were different retention interval trials (time spent counting) : 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds
- Findings: Ppts remembered 90% on 3sec trial. At 18sec only 2%
- Findings: Ppts remembered 90% on 3sec trial. At 18sec only 2%
- Method: 24 Students were given 3 consonants followed by 3 digits (WRT 147). They were then asked to count down from Number in 3s or 4s. when asked to stop the Ppt then had to recall 3 letters
- Marshal et al (1997)
- Can be used to evaluate Peterson (1959)
- Limits demand characteristics
- Nairne et al (1999)
- Suggested that Short term memory could be as long as 96 Seconds
- Can be used to evaluate Peterson (1959)
- Order Effects may come in to play as groups repeated items across tasks
- Capacity
- Not very Long! However may be extended through verbal rehearsal
- Duration
- Capacity
- Jacobs (1887) created a string of digits or letters. Ppts had to recall the 1st , then 1st and 2nd , then 1st, 2nd , 3rd, etc.
- Findings : Average span of digits was 9.3. Meanwhile for letters it was 7.3 items.
- Issues with order effects as digits and letters are repeated
- Simon (1974) found that people had a shorter memory span for larger chunks, than smaller chunks
- Practical Application : Baddeley applied the theory of chunking to Post code
- Miller (1956)
- Miller conducted a meta-analysis and found that on average we can remember 7 Item s . He alslo concluded that we can remember 7 letters just as well as 7 small words (chunking)
- Cowan (2001)
- After a meta-analysis Cowan suggested STM capacity was more around 4 chunks
- Vogel et al (2001) supports this when looking at visual information
- can be used to criticise Miller (1956)
- Jacobs (1887) created a string of digits or letters. Ppts had to recall the 1st , then 1st and 2nd , then 1st, 2nd , 3rd, etc.
- Peterson (1959)
- Method: 24 Students were given 3 consonants followed by 3 digits (WRT 147). They were then asked to count down from Number in 3s or 4s. when asked to stop the Ppt then had to recall 3 letters
- There were different retention interval trials (time spent counting) : 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds
- Method: 24 Students were given 3 consonants followed by 3 digits (WRT 147). They were then asked to count down from Number in 3s or 4s. when asked to stop the Ppt then had to recall 3 letters
- Marshal et al (1997)
- Can be used to evaluate Peterson (1959)
- Limits demand characteristics
- Nairne et al (1999)
- Suggested that Short term memory could be as long as 96 Seconds
- Can be used to evaluate Peterson (1959)
- Order Effects may come in to play as groups repeated items across tasks
- Capacity
- Duration
- Conclusion: STM only lasts up to 20 seconds when rehearsal is prevented
- Suggested that ppts not expecting to be tested may forget after 2 seconds
- Validity: Lacking ecological validity as task is unrealistic ( low mundane realism )
- Additionally the construct validity isn't particularlly strong as the test conducted may also involve an aspect of displacement by the counting, thus effecting the memory of syllables
- 7 +/- 2 Chunks (Millers' Magic Number)
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