the movement of substances into and out of a cell 2

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  • The movement of Substances into and out of cells
    • single celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio
      • all the necessary exchanges occur via surface membrane
    • The size and complexity of an organism increase the difficulty of exchanging materials
    • In multicellular organisms many organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials
    • The effectiveness of an exchange surface  is increased by:
      • having a large surface area that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path
      • (in animals) having an efficient blood supply
      • (in animals, for gaseous exchange) being ventilated
    • Gases and solute exchange surfaces in humans and other organisms are adapted to maximise effectiveness

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