AS OCR Philosophy- The Moral Argument
A detailed mindmap on the Moral Argument.
Enjoy!
- Created by: TheLiterary
- Created on: 11-05-13 08:33
View mindmap
- The Moral Argument
- Immanuel Kant
- Duty
- Innate duty
- Kant argued that we all have an innate sense of duty. Duty is universal, found in all beings throughout the world.
- It is from this awareness of duty that we are obliged to be virtuous.
- True virtue should be rewarded with happiness. But, this is not possible in this life.
- It is from this awareness of duty that we are obliged to be virtuous.
- Kant argued that we all have an innate sense of duty. Duty is universal, found in all beings throughout the world.
- The best possible 'duty'
- It is not enough to just use our sense of duty, it is too 'average', Hence, we must pursue to achieve the highest possible standard of virtue.
- Hence, there must be an ultimate standard with whom is used for this measurement.
- This ultimate standard must be God.
- Hence, there must be an ultimate standard with whom is used for this measurement.
- It is not enough to just use our sense of duty, it is too 'average', Hence, we must pursue to achieve the highest possible standard of virtue.
- Innate duty
- Summum Bonum
- For Kant, this is the place where happiness and virtue are re-united. It is this place where there is moral fulfilment for the completion of our duty.
- True virtue should be rewarded with happiness. But, this is not possible in this life.
- For Kant, this is the place where happiness and virtue are re-united. It is this place where there is moral fulfilment for the completion of our duty.
- Moral statements
- Moral statements are prescriptive. ''Ought'' implies ''can''.
- Humans can achieve virtue in their lifetime, but true virtue (with happiness) is beyond us to ensure this.
- It is , therefore, necessary for the existence of God.
- It is God that controls and sustains the Summum Bonum. God has the power to ensure that happiness and virtue coincide.
- For Kant, this is the place where happiness and virtue are re-united. It is this place where there is moral fulfilment for the completion of our duty.
- For Kant, this is the place where happiness and virtue are re-united. It is this place where there is moral fulfilment for the completion of our duty.
- God is not directly needed for morality, but is needed to ensure that morality can achieve its end.
- There shouldn't be a need for a God to ensure that morality is fulfilled.
- It can easily be done by a 'pantheon of angels' instead.
- There shouldn't be a need for a God to ensure that morality is fulfilled.
- It is God that controls and sustains the Summum Bonum. God has the power to ensure that happiness and virtue coincide.
- It is , therefore, necessary for the existence of God.
- Humans can achieve virtue in their lifetime, but true virtue (with happiness) is beyond us to ensure this.
- Moral statements are prescriptive. ''Ought'' implies ''can''.
- Duty
- Sigmund Freud
- Theories on the Mind
- Id
- The unconscious self, the part of us that is not obvious. It is made up of memories that might be forgotten or repressed/unconscious desires.
- Super-ego
- The driving moral force/internal force that tells us what we should do
- Equatable to the conscience.
- We learn right and wrong from our environment. For example, our parents, siblings, friends, society.
- We internalise these moral imperatives until it feels like an 'inner voice.'
- There is no moral-law giver, there is no God.
- For Newman, the existence of conscience implies a moral law-giver whom we are answerable to – God.
- There is no moral-law giver, there is no God.
- We internalise these moral imperatives until it feels like an 'inner voice.'
- We learn right and wrong from our environment. For example, our parents, siblings, friends, society.
- Equatable to the conscience.
- The driving moral force/internal force that tells us what we should do
- Ego
- The part of the mind that is obvious. It represents our thoughts, our opinions, tastes, instincts, etc.
- Id
- Religion and Freud
- Freud was influenced by Hume who said that religion was a distortion of human reasoning.
- The origin of religion is psychological. Religious experiences,beliefs, and impulses come only from the mind.
- Oedipus Complex
- The idea that men wants their mothers for themselves, and women, their fathers.
- People know that is socially unacceptableto kill their fathers, and thus, this is translated in the mind on a consicous level.
- They then have to love and care for their fathers, which is really, their desire to kill their fathers.
- People know that is socially unacceptableto kill their fathers, and thus, this is translated in the mind on a consicous level.
- The idea that men wants their mothers for themselves, and women, their fathers.
- Theories on the Mind
- St Thomas Aquinas
- 4th Way- Gradation of Being (ex gradu)
- It is evident in the world that we are able to compare things to fit a specific standard
- Something which is perceived as 'good', may be improved to be 'better'
- Hence, there must be an ultimate standard with whom is used for this measurement.
- This ultimate standard must be God.
- Hence, there must be an ultimate standard with whom is used for this measurement.
- Something which is perceived as 'good', may be improved to be 'better'
- It is evident in the world that we are able to compare things to fit a specific standard
- 4th Way- Gradation of Being (ex gradu)
- Cardinal John Henry Newman
- Conscience
- “We feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened at
transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies that there is one to whom
we are responsible.”
- The existence of a conscience implies God exists.
- It is from this that we feel guilty, or ashamed.
- Who do we feel ashamed to?
- God
- For Newman, the existence of conscience implies a moral law-giver whom we are answerable to – God.
- God
- Who do we feel ashamed to?
- It is from this that we feel guilty, or ashamed.
- The existence of a conscience implies God exists.
- “We feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened at
transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies that there is one to whom
we are responsible.”
- Conscience
- Brian Davies
- A Pantheon of Angels
- There shouldn't be a need for a God to ensure that morality is fulfilled.
- It can easily be done by a 'pantheon of angels' instead.
- There shouldn't be a need for a God to ensure that morality is fulfilled.
- A Pantheon of Angels
- Immanuel Kant
- Humans can achieve virtue in their lifetime, but true virtue (with happiness) is beyond us to ensure this.
- It is , therefore, necessary for the existence of God.
- It is God that controls and sustains the Summum Bonum. God has the power to ensure that happiness and virtue coincide.
- God is not directly needed for morality, but is needed to ensure that morality can achieve its end.
- It is God that controls and sustains the Summum Bonum. God has the power to ensure that happiness and virtue coincide.
- It is , therefore, necessary for the existence of God.
Similar Philosophy resources:
Teacher recommended
Comments
No comments have yet been made