The Modal Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin 1971)
- Created by: Sess
- Created on: 11-12-14 10:40
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- The Modal Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin 1971)
- Short term memory
- Sensory memory
- Iconic (Visual) memory
- < half a second
- Another heavily research sensory memory
- Encoded through eyes
- Echoic (Auditory) memory
- Encoded through ears.
- 3-4 seconds long
- One of the most researched sensory memories
- Haptic (Touch) memory
- Less researched
- Encoded through touch
- Iconic (Visual) memory
- Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch)
- Central Executive
- Manages information from both slave systems
- Central Executive
- Responsible for a response
- Can be extended by rehersal
- Has a capacity of 7 +/- 2 (Miller 1956)
- Sensory memory
- Evidence FOR model
- A) Evidence from normal memory
- 1) Ppts are shown a list of words briefly and allowed free recall of the list (Murdock 1962).
- 2) Most remembered the first items (primacy) and the last items (recency). This is called the serial position effect (coined by Ebbinghaus after experiments on himself)
- 5) However, a double disociation still needs to be found
- 6) This can occur by manipulating either primacy or recency effects to show that they are indeed separate
- 3) Primacy: words have been in STM longest, so pass into LTM
- 4) Recency: Words just heard, so still in STM
- 7) Researchers have found things that block primacy and separate things that block recency
- 8) Things that block primacy: Lower IQ, Lower frequency words (not things you hear everyday)
- 9) Things that block recency: A distractor task after seeing the words , or delayed recall (Glanzer & Cunitz 1966)
- B) Evidence from abnormal memory
- 1) An amnesiac patient (HM) was studied by Baddeley and Warrington (1970)
- 2) HM had a normal STM but impaired LTM, possibly due to localised brain damage.
- 3) If one can be damaged and not the other, they are different
- 4) Another patient, KF, has an impaired STM but a normal LTM
- 5) This provides a double dissociation between the 2.
- C) Capacity differences
- 1) STM is limited to 7 +/- 2 things. (Miller 1956).
- 2) LTM appears unlimited.
- D) Coding differences
- 1) Baddeley (1966), found in 3 experiments that LTM tended to be encoded semantically and STM acoustically.
- 2) He presented participants with words that were: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar or semantically dissimilar.
- 3) He found that when STM was tested, acoustically dissimilar words were tested.
- 4) And when LTM was tested, semantically dissimilar words were recalled better, suggesting its due to semantics.
- A) Evidence from normal memory
- Evidence AGAINST model
- A) Patient KF
- 1) Shallice & Warrington (1970): If patient KF has an impaired STM, how does he bring about responses?
- 2) This suggests that the direction of the arrows is not always correct.
- B) Repeated exposure in STM doesnt always lead to LTM
- 1) Baddeley et al (1980) conducted a study when the BBC wished to change radio frequencies.
- 2) The BBC played a jingle constantly stating which frequency they were changing to, so 'house wives' would hear and remember it.
- 3) Baddeley found that only 18-20% could remember
- 4) This is a problem as repeated exposure should have meant it passed into the LTM
- C) Primacy/Recency aren't 100% clear cut
- 1) Some studies such as Tzeng (1973) and Baddeley & Hitch (1977) have found evidence against.
- 2) Baddeley & Hitch (1977) asked rugby players to recall a season's details.
- 3) They recalled more recent events, showing recency can occur in LTM as well as STM.
- 4) Tzeng (1973) conducted a recall study but with distractions.
- 5) He found that recency still occurred after a distractor event, showing it wasn't necessarily STM.
- A) Patient KF
- Assumptions:
- They assumed the direction of arrows
- They assumed a response comes from the STM
- They assumed 3 types of memory exist
- If info is held in STM long enough, it moves to LTM
- Short term memory
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