The Genetic Engineering Process
A mind map showing the stages of genetic engineering and the reasons it is carried out.
- Created by: Sam Brewer
- Created on: 09-05-13 19:36
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- The Genetic Engineering Process
- 1. Obtain the gene to be engineered
- Gene can be synthesised using an automated polynucleotide sequencer
- The gene can be cut out after being located by a probe. The process uses restriction enzymes
- mRNA can be taken from cells where the gene is expressed and used as a template
- 2. Place the gene in a vector
- The gene can be sealed into a bacterial plasmid by DNA ligase
- If plasmids are cut with the same restriction enzyme that was used to the isolate the gene, then complementary sticky ends will be formed
- Cut plasmids are mixed with the genes to form recombinant DNA
- Only 0.25% of the genes are taken by plasmids making the process very inefficient
- Cut plasmids are mixed with the genes to form recombinant DNA
- If plasmids are cut with the same restriction enzyme that was used to the isolate the gene, then complementary sticky ends will be formed
- Genes can be sealed in virus genomes or yeast cell chromosomes
- The gene can be sealed into a bacterial plasmid by DNA ligase
- 3. Move the gene into the recipient cell
- Electroporation
- A high voltage pulse is applied to disrupt the membrane
- Microinjection
- Injected via a very small micropipette into the host cells nucleus
- Viral transfer
- Uses a virus mechanism to infect cells by inserting the DNA directly
- Liposomes
- DNA is wrapped in fat soluble lipid molecules that can cross lipid membranes by diffusion
- Electroporation
- Why do we genetically engineer organisms?
- To improve a feature of the recipient organism
- Herbicide resistant genes to increase crop yield
- Growth control hormones in live stock promote muscle growth
- To synthesise useful products
- Growing large quantities of hormones such as insulin in bacteria for human use
- Introducing genes for beta-carotene in rice that can be turned into vitamin A in consumption
- Inserting genes into sheep so that the produced chemical can be collected easily in the milk
- To improve a feature of the recipient organism
- 1. Obtain the gene to be engineered
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