The universe and place of humans within it

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  • The universe and place of humans within it
    • the origin of the universe and humans
      • NON RELIGIOUS
        • both have come about through NATURAL PROCESSES e.g. physicalism
        • both are accidental, have come about by CHANCE
        • based on OBJECTIVE/ EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE (SCIENCE)
          • OBJECTIVE: tested by all EMPIRICAL: senses evidence (touch and smell)
        • VIEW 1: steady state theory - the universe is eternal (matter has existed forever) and essentially unchanging
          • VIEW 2: big bang theory - the universe has a beginning, it started with a big explosion 13.5 billion years ago
            • EDWIN HUBBLE - came up with the theory of the big bang - the Hubble telescope.
              • argued the universe is expanding from a common position
              • using a telescope discovered RED SHIFT (light waves of galaxies moving away from us) = LIGHT EVIDENCE
              • since then 'CMB' cosmic microwave background radiation (echo of the explosion) has been picked up - SOUND EVIDENCE
            • THE BIG BANG - in the fall-out and cooling/ slowing  down process during the next millie seconds subatomic particles of matter were formed - these became the building blocks of the universe and life as we know it today
              • a massive explosion in space 13.5 billion years ago
              • gases (helium and hydrogen) were formed
              • according to the big bang model, the universe continues to expand today.
                • a common useful analogy explains that space itself is expanding, carrying galaxies with it, like rasins in a rising loaf of bread
                • scienctists don't think of space as physical
        • CHARLES DARWIN = EVOLUTION
          • he proposed the theory of evolution - distinguishing to particular environments/ good genes
            • evolution works through the twin processes of -RANDOM MUTATION AND NATURAL SELECTION
              • RANDOM MUTATION
                • the principle that genetic material is copied and passed down through the generations of a species in a way that is random (no particular pattern or purpose)
                  • this means that every so often a MISTAKE is made in the copying process, so that a new characteristic starts to occur in the emerging speices
              • NATURAL SELECTION - 'SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST'
                • a species may or may not survive in its competitive environment. the stronger traits are continued along to the next generations, whereas the weaker traits are bred out over time
          • the theory that life on earth gradually developed - or evolved - over time, from a single cell in the primordial soup.
          • his theory was based on empirical evidence; FOSSILS AND OBSERVATION of varities of plant and animal life.
        • HUMANISTS
          • humans are part of natural processes and have evolved together with other species

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