The Russian Civil War causes and consequeces

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  • The Russian Civil War (1917 - 1922)
    • Causes
      • Different nationalities
        • The Finns, Ukrainians and Poles wanted to create their own countries
          • Led to them fighting against the Bolsheviks
        • Counter-revolutionary armies were established in Siberia, Estonia and in the Ukraine
      • Foreign countries
        • Britain and France support the Whites
          • They wanted Russia to remain fighting in the war against Germany
          • Provided supplies for the Whites
          • Sent troops into the war
        • Britain, France and Japan occupied parts of Russia
          • Japan wanted  to expand their territory and influence
      • Communist policies
        • Many Russian’s opposed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
        • The Bolsheviks started to clash with the peasantry
          • Lenin introduced Grain requisitioning so the working class and those in the Red Army
            • Peasants avoided conscription and tried to hoard their grain
              • Resulted in famine in Petrograd and Moscow
        • By 1918 Russia had become a one party state after the Ban on Factions
        • Socialist Revolutionaries left coalition with Comminists
      • The Czech Legion
        • Created in 1917 out of Austro-Hungarian Prisoners
          • Consisted of 4000 men who opposed the red Army
        • The rebellion of the Czech Legion on 25th May 1918 signalled the start of the Civil War
          • Hoped to create own country after Austria-Hungary had been defeted
      • The Whites
        • Lenin had to make Moscow the new capital of Russia
          • Because Petrograd was threatened by the Whites
        • They wanted to remove the Bolsheviks from power
          • Some even wanted to bring the back the Tsarist Regime
    • Consequences
      • Social
        • Agriculture
          • Confiscation of grain
          • Hoarding
          • 100 kulaks hanged
        • National famine 1921
          • 1/5 of Russia starved
          • The American Relief Association
        • 1920 and 1921: droughts
          • 1922: 7 million street children
            • National famine 1921
              • 1/5 of Russia starved
              • The American Relief Association
      • Political
        • As a Bolshevik political party was in control of Russia, they allowed other countries to also become Communist
          • Thailand and China
        • The Party after the war
          • Tremendous growth
            • 24,000 in March 1917, 732,521 in March 1921
          • Committees spread all over country
            • No coordination, no chain of command
          • Communist arrogance and view that communism could be willed into existence
        • The strength of opposition forced Lenin to adopt a conciliatory foreign policy with other nations
          • Although, the Bolsheviks did not abandon the Comintern and the idea of world revolution
        • Lenin needed to reassure Western powers that Russia was not a threat
        • War Communism introduced
          • Nationalisation of Industries, banks and foreign trade
          • caused significant unrest so Lenin replaced it with the NEP
            • Denationalising small-scale businesses and giving peasants greater freedom to sell surplus products
              • Extremely beneficial
      • Economic
        • Nationalisation of Industries, banks and foreign trade
        • Industry and agriculture descended
          • Factories, cattle, mines and machines damaged and destroyed
            • By 1921: cultivated land shrunk to 62%
            • Cotton production fell to 5%
          • The industrial production value descended to one seventh of the value of 1913, and agriculture to one third
        • Economy devastated
          • The exchange rate with the U.S. dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920
        • Bartering (exchange of goods/services w/o the use of money)
      • Militaristic
        • Casualties
          • 125 thousand Reds
            • 175 thousand Whites
          • 3 hundred thousand deaths
          • 800,000 soldiers died in combat
        • Destroyed military opposition to the Bolsheviks

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