The Rule of Tsar Nicholas II (Part 1)
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- Created on: 06-06-19 10:07
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- Rule of Tsar Nicholas II (Part 1)
- Character
- Weak willed, poorly educated, bad judge of people
- Stubborn
- Strong religious convictions, deep family values
- Rigid belief in autocracy due to belief in God
- Fundamental Laws 1906
- Autocracy, Nationality, Orthodoxy
- Prioritised the maintenence of the Romanov Dynasty
- Rigid belief in autocracy due to belief in God
- Could be kind and gentle, but also vicious and mercilless
- Weak willed, poorly educated, bad judge of people
- Problems 1894
- Political
- Opposition groups called for reform to the political system
- Opposition
- Liberals
- Main Beliefs
- Civil rights and freedom
- Democracy
- Limitation of the Tsar's powers
- National Minorities
- Methods
- Reform rather than violence
- Articles, meetings, political channels
- Support
- Few active supporters outside Moscow and Petrograd
- Middle Classes, professional groups
- Landowners and businessmen
- Main Beliefs
- Social Democerats
- Bolsheviks
- Small number of highly disciplined professional revolutionaries
- Centralized Leadership
- Critics warned this would lead to dictatorship
- Bring social consciousness to the workers and lead them to revolution
- Support
- Bolsheviks attracted younger, military peasant workers
- Mensheviks attracted a broader range of people, different types of workers and intelligentsia
- Support mainly from the working classes
- Mensheviks
- Broadly based party
- More democratic
- Encouraged trade unions to help working classes
- Long period of bourgeois democratic government until they are ready to take over
- Support
- Bolsheviks attracted younger, military peasant workers
- Mensheviks attracted a broader range of people, different types of workers and intelligentsia
- Support mainly from the working classes
- Bolsheviks
- Socialist Revolutionaries
- Main Beliefs
- Central hope for revolution was with the peasants
- Land divided amongst peasants
- Accepted the development of capitalism
- Also caused growth of the working class, who could rise up
- Methods
- Agitation and terrorism
- Assassination of officials
- Support
- Peasants made up a large portion, but by 1905 50% of members were industrial workers
- Represented the peasants despite them not being able to read the flyers
- Attracted intellectuals
- Main Beliefs
- Marxism
- Influenced by views of Karl Marx
- Communist Manifesto encouraged workers to unite to seize power
- Spoke of evolutionary theories, evolving towards the perfect state
- Individuals influenced the direction of history, but the overall pattern was driven by economic changes and social developments
- Influenced by views of Karl Marx
- Populism
- Put their trust in ordinary people to drive revolution
- Avoid capitalism and the evils of industrialisation
- Began with peaceful propaganda
- Evolved into the People's Will, and terrorism
- Liberals
- Opposition
- Opposition groups called for reform to the political system
- Social
- Peasants
- Made up 80% of the population
- Emancipation of 1861 had freed them and given them land, but it had driven them to debt
- Felt betrayed, threats of uprisings made the Tsarist regime unstable
- Emancipation of 1861 had freed them and given them land, but it had driven them to debt
- 1891 Famine
- The Mir was a barrier to innovation
- Whilst democratic. they restricted the freedom of movement for the peasants
- Outdated system of ***** farming with wooden ploughs meant subsistence farming was common
- Living conditions
- Still bad despite Peasant's Land Bank formation 1883
- And abolition of peasant poll tax in 1886
- Still bad despite Peasant's Land Bank formation 1883
- Made up 80% of the population
- Peasants
- Economic
- Lack of industrial productivity and free enterprise
- Reliance on foreign investment
- Export of grain contributed to famine
- Lack of modernisation of agriculture
- Urban Workers
- 2.5% of the population, mostly ex peasants
- Militant and posed a threat to authority
- High literacy rates, able to read political propaganda and develop/pick up revolutionary ideas
- Militant and posed a threat to authority
- Long hours, harsh environment, strict punishment and fines, accidents, high rate of disease, low wages, poor living conditions
- Saw themselves as slaves being exploited
- 2.5% of the population, mostly ex peasants
- Political
- Opposition
- Liberals
- Main Beliefs
- Civil rights and freedom
- Democracy
- Limitation of the Tsar's powers
- National Minorities
- Methods
- Reform rather than violence
- Articles, meetings, political channels
- Support
- Few active supporters outside Moscow and Petrograd
- Middle Classes, professional groups
- Landowners and businessmen
- Main Beliefs
- Social Democerats
- Bolsheviks
- Small number of highly disciplined professional revolutionaries
- Centralized Leadership
- Critics warned this would lead to dictatorship
- Bring social consciousness to the workers and lead them to revolution
- Mensheviks
- Broadly based party
- More democratic
- Encouraged trade unions to help working classes
- Long period of bourgeois democratic government until they are ready to take over
- Bolsheviks
- Socialist Revolutionaries
- Main Beliefs
- Central hope for revolution was with the peasants
- Land divided amongst peasants
- Accepted the development of capitalism
- Also caused growth of the working class, who could rise up
- Methods
- Agitation and terrorism
- Assassination of officials
- Support
- Peasants made up a large portion, but by 1905 50% of members were industrial workers
- Represented the peasants despite them not being able to read the flyers
- Attracted intellectuals
- Main Beliefs
- Marxism
- Influenced by views of Karl Marx
- Communist Manifesto encouraged workers to unite to seize power
- Spoke of evolutionary theories, evolving towards the perfect state
- Individuals influenced the direction of history, but the overall pattern was driven by economic changes and social developments
- Influenced by views of Karl Marx
- Populism
- Put their trust in ordinary people to drive revolution
- Avoid capitalism and the evils of industrialisation
- Began with peaceful propaganda
- Evolved into the People's Will, and terrorism
- Liberals
- National Minorities
- Russification
- Non-Russians forced to adopt Russian customs and habits
- Teaching of the Polish language forbidden
- Poles showed an interest in Marxism, combatting russification
- Had politicans in the duma
- Poles showed an interest in Marxism, combatting russification
- The Jews suffered from frequent pogroms
- Deliberate policy of anti-antisemitism by Nicholas
- Were able to sit in the Duma
- Caucasions were religiously divided, and illiterate, so easy to russify
- Opposition to russification in Finland led to them being given autonomy in 1905, quickly reneged by Stolypin
- Baltic provinces were stable and prosperous, with places such as Latvia becoming business centres for Russia
- Russification followed as influence grew
- Russification
- Pobedonostev Vs Witte
- Pobedonostev
- Tutor to Nicholas from 1865, and appointed senator 1868
- Conservative and Reactionary
- Advocate of autocracy, saw greater freedom as the delusions of youth
- Helped with Alexander III's reforms and repressive measures
- Also advised on religious matters
- Witte
- Minister for Transport in 1891 and Minister for Finance in 1892
- Dismissed in 1903 due to worsening economy
- Helped to negotiate peace with Japan in 1906
- Commitment to industrialisation
- Encouraged foreign experts to come to Russia
- Took out foreign loans, raised taxes and interest rates for industrial investment
- Coal production doubled, iron and steel production increased massively
- New technology introduced to industry, and huge railway growth
- Income from industry shot up by 120 million roubles, Russia catching up with other nations by 1900
- Improved military capability
- Secured a loan in 1906 to save the economy and pay for troops to restore order
- Minister for Transport in 1891 and Minister for Finance in 1892
- Pobedonostev
- Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
- Causes
- Short Term
- Russia went back on a promise to withdraw troops from Manchuria
- Japan then launched a night attack on Port Arthur in Feb 1903
- Damaged Russian morale (and some ships) and land/sea warfare commenced
- Japan then launched a night attack on Port Arthur in Feb 1903
- Russia went back on a promise to withdraw troops from Manchuria
- Long Term
- Russia had for a while looked to increase influence in the Far East
- Chinese Eastern railway increased Russian threat to Japan
- 25 Year lease of Port Arthur from the Chinese in 1898
- Short Term
- Course
- The Japanese outnumbered Russia in Manchuria (Battle of Yalu) and beat them convincingly
- Port Arthur was surrendered in December 1905
- Russia suffered another embarrassing defeat in May 1905 to Admiral Togo, and later at Mukden
- Consequences
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- Russia forced to withdraw from Port Arthur, south Sakhalin, and south Manchuria
- Russian leaders had to acknowledge Japanese sovereignty in Korea
- Demonstrated Russia's military weakness
- Underestimated opponents, poor knowledge, understanding and skill
- Caused unrest in Russia
- Led to reform
- Set up the Duma to demonstrate democracy/ change
- Food shortages, high prices, and unemployment
- Led to reform
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- Causes
- 1905 Revolution
- Causes
- Long Term Discontent
- Middle Classes wanted a say in government
- Students were against repression
- SRs wanted peasant revolution
- Minorities wanted autonomy and independanceand were against russification
- Peasants had grievances over poverty, famine, and land
- Workers had grievances over hours, pay, conditions, and wanted more political power
- The Government
- Tsarist regime was weak, repressive, and denied basic freedoms
- Witte pushed workers hard for industrialisation
- Poor harvests and an economic slump led to starvation in the countryside and high unemployment
- The Catalyst
- Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
- Causes
- Short Term
- Russia went back on a promise to withdraw troops from Manchuria
- Japan then launched a night attack on Port Arthur in Feb 1903
- Damaged Russian morale (and some ships) and land/sea warfare commenced
- Japan then launched a night attack on Port Arthur in Feb 1903
- Russia went back on a promise to withdraw troops from Manchuria
- Long Term
- Russia had for a while looked to increase influence in the Far East
- Chinese Eastern railway increased Russian threat to Japan
- 25 Year lease of Port Arthur from the Chinese in 1898
- Short Term
- Course
- The Japanese outnumbered Russia in Manchuria (Battle of Yalu) and beat them convincingly
- Port Arthur was surrendered in December 1905
- Russia suffered another embarrassing defeat in May 1905 to Admiral Togo, and later at Mukden
- Consequences
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- Russia forced to withdraw from Port Arthur, south Sakhalin, and south Manchuria
- Russian leaders had to acknowledge Japanese sovereignty in Korea
- Demonstrated Russia's military weakness
- Underestimated opponents, poor knowledge, understanding and skill
- Caused unrest in Russia
- Led to reform
- Set up the Duma to demonstrate democracy/ change
- Food shortages, high prices, and unemployment
- Led to reform
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- Causes
- Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
- The Spark
- Bloody Sunday
- Petition to the Tsar and a peaceful march to the palace organised by Gapon
- Called for freedom of speech, better conditions for workers, trade unions and an elected parliament
- The Authorities panicked, and charged the marches, opening fire and killing 130 people
- Sparked uprisings, and broke the bond between the Tsar and his people
- Petition to the Tsar and a peaceful march to the palace organised by Gapon
- Bloody Sunday
- Long Term Discontent
- Course
- Following Bloody Sunday were mass strikes across Ste Petersburg, quickly spreading
- Battleship Potemkin Mutiny
- Tsar depended on the loyalty of his army
- Naval conditions were harsh and morale low
- After a soldier was shot following a rotten meat complaint, the crew took over
- The Tsar ordered troops to open fire upon their arrival and thousands of citizens were killed
- After a soldier was shot following a rotten meat complaint, the crew took over
- Battleship Potemkin Mutiny
- Following Bloody Sunday were mass strikes across Ste Petersburg, quickly spreading
- Consequences
- October Manifesto
- Pressure from below for more democracy and freedom
- Witte advised Nicholas to introduce reforms
- Freedom of speech and conscience
- Freedom of association and unwarranted arrest
- An elected duma which could block laws
- Witte advised Nicholas to introduce reforms
- Pressure from below for more democracy and freedom
- Fundamental Law
- Stated that no law can come into force without the Tsar's approval
- Undermined the democratic nature of the Dumas
- October Manifesto
- Why the Tsar survived
- The October Manifesto appeased the revolutionary liberals, splitting the revolutionary movement
- The government stormed the headquarters of the Soviets and arrested the ringleaders, suppressing the workers
- Brutal, repressive measures put fear into the population, particularly the middle classes who feared continued violence and disorder
- Lack of unity in the revolutionaries
- Different aims and purposes
- The army remained loyal in the mostpart, aiding to crush revolts
- Loan secured by Witte to save the economy and fund defences
- Announced the end of outstanding payments for peasants
- Causes
- Character
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