The Restoration
- Created by: Lauriie
- Created on: 26-05-16 08:58
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- The Restoration 1658-60
- Important figures in the Restoration
- The Army
- Desborough and Fleetwood
- 2 remaining army grandees
- similar ideals to Oliver Cromwell
- Fleetwood was the weaker of the two; lacked personal courage and the ability to control junior officers
- Ruled as the Committee of Security
- 2 remaining army grandees
- Monck
- professional soldier who had fought for Charles at the start of CW
- then switched to supporting parliament
- had been left commander in chief of the Scottish army after 1651
- professional soldier who had fought for Charles at the start of CW
- Desborough and Fleetwood
- MPs
- Prynne
- had been excluded in Pride's Purge but returned to Richard Cromwell's Parliament
- skilled writer and propagandist
- socially conservative: had hated the bishops, not the king
- Hesilrige
- one of the 5 members
- led the opposition to Cromwell's Army and its demands in 1649
- Commonswealthman who believed in the rule of the Rump
- Others included Thomas Scot, Henry Vane and Edward Ludlow
- Prynne
- Richard Cromwell
- Son of Oliver Cromwell
- limited experience of government though he was able and intelligent
- unable to balance between the civilian and army factions
- Lambert
- civil war army leader
- had been the architect of the early protectorate and the instrument of government
- represented military interest but had fallen out with Cromwell over the Humble Petition and the Spanish War
- invited back to the general council: collaborated with commonswealthmen
- The Army
- Why was the monarchy restored?
- Popular Royalism
- some demand for a monarchy (eg the monarchical features of the Humble Petition and Advice
- Royalist uprisings (eg Booth's rising 1659)
- But didn't gain a lot of support
- elections to the convention: people voted overwhelmingly for royalists
- 52 new MPs were or were the sons of people who had fought for Charles
- Huge celebrations on the day of CII's return and on his birthday
- Failures of the Republic/ degeneration of the Good Old Cause
- By late 1659 the Republic was facing a 'deep crisis of support': neither the Rump nor the Army had ruled effectively
- Failure of Richard's Protectorate
- OC had introduced him into politics very late and had not introduced him to the army at all
- Relied too heavily on civilan politicians
- limited ambition and little passion for politics
- stepped down from government in 1659, after the army council recalled the Rump
- OC had introduced him into politics very late and had not introduced him to the army at all
- Unpopularity of Rump/ Army Rule (eg: London merchants had refused to pay taxes)
- Economy
- very high tax burden due to the size of the army
- RC was in £2.5 mn of debt (therefore forced to call parliament)
- by 1658 the annual deficit was £500 000
- the army arrears were £800 000
- regime losing legitimacy with lenders
- Failure of the Rump
- got into power in 1659 through and alliance with the soldiers and the sects
- but failed to resolve anything, just attacked the army
- failure led to a massively unpopular Committee of Safety led by Desborough and Fleetwood
- countrywide protests/ refusal to pay taxes
- got into power in 1659 through and alliance with the soldiers and the sects
- Failure of Richard's Protectorate
- Long term?
- failure to achieve a strong/ viable settlement in 1649-53
- attacked the interests of the Army resulting in a forcible dissolution
- Failures of the Protectorate:
- Humble Petition and Advice: too vague? Sele: seemed to be almost set up so only Cromwell could rule
- required a fine balance between army and civilian
- commonswealthmen felt Cromwell had betrayed the Good Old Cause and he'd lost support from supporters of the HP due to his refusal of the Crown
- a regime mostly based on passive aquiescence than on genuine support?
- Humble Petition and Advice: too vague? Sele: seemed to be almost set up so only Cromwell could rule
- failure to achieve a strong/ viable settlement in 1649-53
- By late 1659 the Republic was facing a 'deep crisis of support': neither the Rump nor the Army had ruled effectively
- A conservative reaction which took advantage of the turmoil after Cromwell's death?
- encapsulated by conservatives such as Prynne
- rise of radical sects (the Diggers, the Ranters and the Quakers)
- Quakers: had over 60 000 members in 1659
- refused to pay tithes and didn't recognise social superiors
- alarmed propertied classes
- refused to pay tithes and didn't recognise social superiors
- Quakers: had over 60 000 members in 1659
- Divisions and failings of the Republican leaders
- very intense conflict between civilian republicans and the army, especially the Junior officers
- eg Haselrig, Vane and Scot, who were also internally feuding
- very intense conflict between civilian republicans and the army, especially the Junior officers
- actions of Monck
- declared for the Rump in 1659, eventually forcing the Army Council/ CoS to disband
- Marched troops to London in Feb 1660
- forced the Rump to readmit secluded members
- advised Charles on the Declaration of Breda
- Actions of Charles I
- CII relocated from Catholic France to Breda in the Netherlands
- May 1660: the Declaration of Breda
- general pardon
- liberty to tender consciences
- pay army arrears
- leave land disputes to parliament
- possibly resulted in the speed of his restoration/ unconditional restoration
- Popular Royalism
- Timeline
- Protectorate
- Rump
- Army Officers
- Rump
- Convention
- April 1660: First meeting of the Convention Parliament
- May: The Declaration of Breda is read in Parliament
- 5 May: Parliamentary resolutions on favour of Gment by King, Lords and Commons
- 29 May: Charles I returns to London, the Monarchy is restored
- 5 May: Parliamentary resolutions on favour of Gment by King, Lords and Commons
- May: The Declaration of Breda is read in Parliament
- April 1660: First meeting of the Convention Parliament
- 26 Dec 1659: Rump begins sitting again
- Jan 1660: Monck crosses the border into England. The Rump purges the army
- Feb: Monck's arrival is preceded by demonstrationand petitions in favour of free elections or the readmission of purged MPs
- 21 Feb: Monck forces the Rump to readmit MPs purged by Pride
- March: Rump dissolves itself
- 21 Feb: Monck forces the Rump to readmit MPs purged by Pride
- Feb: Monck's arrival is preceded by demonstrationand petitions in favour of free elections or the readmission of purged MPs
- Jan 1660: Monck crosses the border into England. The Rump purges the army
- Convention
- Oct 1659: Committee of Safety begins to meet, Monck, the leader of the Army in Scotland, refuses to approve it and declares support for the Rump
- November: Lambert leaves London with an Army to march against Monck, CoS discusses a new constitution
- December: The Portsmouth Garrison, Navy and Irish Army support the Rump
- 23 Dec: General Council of Officers dissolves itself
- December: The Portsmouth Garrison, Navy and Irish Army support the Rump
- November: Lambert leaves London with an Army to march against Monck, CoS discusses a new constitution
- Rump
- May 1659: Fleetwood apointed C in C of the army. Rump decrees that they should approve all officer appointments
- July-Aug: Booth's Rising in Cheshire is crushed by Lambert's Army
- September: JO's petition for godly reform is condemned by Parliament
- Oct: Army Officers petition in protest. Parliament expels Lambert, Desborough and other officers
- 13 Oct: The Army forcibly dissolves the Rump, replacing it with a Committee of Safety
- Oct: Army Officers petition in protest. Parliament expels Lambert, Desborough and other officers
- September: JO's petition for godly reform is condemned by Parliament
- July-Aug: Booth's Rising in Cheshire is crushed by Lambert's Army
- Army Officers
- Sept 1658: Richard Cromwell is instated LP
- Jan 1659: First meeting of the Third Protectorate Parliament
- April: meetings of GCO. Petition for payment of arrears- Parliament forbids Army Council meetings
- Rendez-vous of soldiers in and around London forces RC to dissolve Parliament
- May 1659: Army Council recalls the Rump
- Rendez-vous of soldiers in and around London forces RC to dissolve Parliament
- April: meetings of GCO. Petition for payment of arrears- Parliament forbids Army Council meetings
- Jan 1659: First meeting of the Third Protectorate Parliament
- Rump
- Protectorate
- England 1661-7
- Charles II: Character and Court
- Restored Royal tradition eg touching of the King's evil
- didn't trust anybody- made decisions with an inner circle of councillors
- very pessimistic
- permanent fear of betrayal/manipulation (eg from Henrietta Maria)
- willing to discard councillors (eg Clarendon)
- advisers had to make sure any policy was 'parliament proof'
- policy of 'divide and rule'
- presence of Catholics at court
- very little actual vision: his main goal was 'not to go on his travels again'. Wouldn't push any agenda beyond political expediency
- decadent and scandalous court
- CII had several mistresses and illegitemate children
- Domestic Policy
- act of indemnity
- abolished most of NMA
- restricted CII's standing Army to 'guards and garissons' of 10 000
- 1661 Cavalier Parliament
- left in place many 1641 reforms including feudal rights
- right to choose advisors/ command militia
- no prerogative courts
- temporary Licensing Act and Act against tumultuous petiitioning
- replaced Triennial Act with a weaker version
- Religious Policy
- CII wanted religious toleration but wouldn't push for it
- restored bishops to the Lords and returned Church courts
- Worcester House declaration: made important concessions for puritans (such as making the wearing of the Surplice optional)
- parliament: made many 'revenge acts' of legislation against puritans and sects
- Corporation Bill: all government officials had to take Oaths of Allegiance, Supremacy and take communion in Anglican church
- Act of Uniformity 1662 to make sure Parish Clergy and Schoolmasters were in agreement wth the prayer book
- 1670 Conventicle Act
- Foreign Policy
- wanted a rapprochement with France
- failure of Dutch War (Medway Crisis 1667)
- Economic Policy
- the convention calculated that CII would need £120 000 /yr and pledged to grant him that much in taxation
- but that amount was actually only raised in later yrs
- the convention calculated that CII would need £120 000 /yr and pledged to grant him that much in taxation
- Charles II: Character and Court
- Important figures in the Restoration
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