The Long Parliament

Created by: Lauriie
Created on: 12-04-16 21:31

View mindmap

The Long Parliament
- Background
  - Elections
    - Autumn 1640: the godly faction co-ordinated and supported election campaigns
      - Use of puritan preachers
        'widespread animus against 'court' candidates'
        Only 15% of elected MPs had court connections
      - 'widespread animus against 'court' candidates'
        Only 15% of elected MPs had court connections
    - high voter turnouts
      - Inflation meant that the requirement that voters needed to own property worth at least 40 shillings wasn't so restrictive
      - More and more townfolk becoming politically aware
        Print and propaganda
        Royal censorship of the press had become unenforcable
        
        J Miller: 'political journalism revealed an analytical sophistication not seen again until the 19th century, or later'
        
        Most of these (2/3) were on religious issues such as Root and Branch
        Iconoclasm
        Root and Branch petitions drawn up against bishops and iconoclasm
        
        Laudian policies had caused widespead popular anger
        Attacks on Laudianism had a lot of support: huge support for impeaching Laud
        But more radical religious reforms split parliament
        
        crowds raided st Pauls in London
        Iconoclasm
        Jan 1641: Commons Order for the destruction of images
        But more radical religious reforms split parliament
        
        Catholics were seen as using the monarchy to plot agains parliament
        politically, a 'formidable weapon' for the godly
  - Petitions
    - petitions for the redress of grievances had been drawn up in 18 counties and several towns
      - More and more townfolk becoming politically aware
        Print and propaganda
        Royal censorship of the press had become unenforcable
        
        J Miller: 'political journalism revealed an analytical sophistication not seen again until the 19th century, or later'
        
        Most of these (2/3) were on religious issues such as Root and Branch
        Iconoclasm
        Root and Branch petitions drawn up against bishops and iconoclasm
        
        Laudian policies had caused widespead popular anger
        Attacks on Laudianism had a lot of support: huge support for impeaching Laud
        
        crowds raided st Pauls in London
        Iconoclasm
        Jan 1641: Commons Order for the destruction of images
        
        Catholics were seen as using the monarchy to plot agains parliament
        politically, a 'formidable weapon' for the godly
      - Gentles: these came from a 'cross section of society'
      - demanded that they be addressed on the first day of parliament
    - 900+ petitioned for a committee to investigate misdeeds by Laudian clergy
  - The Junto
    - The collapse of CI's authority had left a power vacuum filled by the godly party
    - Commons: Pym, Hampden, St John. Lords:Bedfordand Warwick
      - Warwick was not puritan but wanted to reduce the power of the king and weaken or abolish episcopacy
      - The House of Lords was much less militant
    - they ran and formed several committees which proposed laws and bills
      - But they still needed votes/ to win debated (connection to the Scots was a slight liability)
    - Autumn 1640: the godly faction co-ordinated and supported election campaigns
      - Use of puritan preachers
  - The Army
    - The King's army had not been disbanded after Newburn
      - still hoped to use it against Scotland or parts of England
    - Quartered in Yorkshire; heavy burden on local people caused anger
    - Not paid; propensity to violence and riots
      - eg tore down enclosure fences and raided deer parks
      - worried conservatives who feared social disorder
        The House of Lords was much less militant
- 1. The Trial of Strafford
  - brought forward by the Junto but united many in the Lords and Commons
  - Trial before Lords March 1641: S is accused of 'constructive treason'
    - He defended himself and the lords was reluctant to condemn him
  - 10 April: Pym brings bill of Attainder
    - Except Essex, the Lords were still reluctant to act
      - THE ARMY PLOT: revealed that a group of Army officers had planned a coup d'état which would free Strafford and disband parliament
        Lords passed the Bill
        Popular pressure (crowds gathered outside Whitehall on the day of Voting
        
        Strafford was executed May 1641
        On the day he signed S's death warrant, Charles also signed a bill which prevented him from dissolving the Long parliament without its consent
        opened the floodgates/ broke political deadlock
      - Lords passed the Bill
        Popular pressure (crowds gathered outside Whitehall on the day of Voting
        
        Strafford was executed May 1641
        On the day he signed S's death warrant, Charles also signed a bill which prevented him from dissolving the Long parliament without its consent
        opened the floodgates/ broke political deadlock
- 2. Church Debates
  - Root and Branch reform
    - the godly faction wanted the exclusion of bishops from the Lords
      - This had a lot of popular support (petitions)
        Iconoclastic bishops and clergy were derided in print and faced anti-Laudian mobs
    - many saw episcopacy as inseparable from social structure and order
      - Began a growing conservative reaction
      - Sir Edward Dering: introduced Root and Branch Reform but defected due to social disturbances in his constituency, Kent
      - One of the most reliable predictors of side-taking in the civil war was the Member's support for Root and Branch reform
- 3. End to Charles' prerogative government
  - 22 June: Tonnage and Poundage Act
  - July: Prerogative courts abolished
  - August: all forms of Ship Money abolished. Limited the forest boundaries to their 1623 positions. Knighthood fines abolished
  - CI was forced to appoint leading parliamentarians to his government
    - St John- solicitor-general
    - Essex:Lord Chamberlain
- 4. The Irish Rebellion
  - October-November 1641: rebellion broke out in Ireland
    - Irish catholics claimed to be acting for the King
  - News of the rebellion was sensationalised in print; stories about massacres of protestants addedto an anti-catholic sentiment
    - 5. The Grand Remonstrance
      - Drafted by Pym: A review of Charles' entire reign, setting out the evidence that there was a Catholic plot at the heart of Charles' government
        called for parliament to control the King's ministers
        
        Called for the exclusion of bishops and Catholiic peers from the Lords, Root and Branch reform
        
        Parts of the document could not be voted on separately;MPs were forced to take a side on whether they supported CI's entire reign, in Personal Rule, or not
        Due to popular anger at Charles and Laud, refusing to criticise Charles could be dangerous, many MPs were pressured into voting for the Grand Remonstrance
        Popular anger and protest
        Cressy
        'the explosion of print' was 'a revolution within the revolution'
        Published it directly instead
        
        'The years 1640-42 saw.. an extraordinary upsurge of hostility to established authority'
        
        December 1641: mobs of apprentices and trained bands protested the appointment of Lupton to govern the Tower of london
        They thought CI was planning to use the arsenal in the Tower to attack parliament/ the city
        
        CI was forced to withdraw Lupton's appointment
        
        27 Dec: crowds obstructed bishops and prevented them from entering the House of Lords
        12 Bishops presented a petition asking parliament to discount anthing that had passed on that day; Parliament had them impeached
        
        10 Jan 1642: CI was forced to flee London for Hampton Court
      - Passed by 159-148 votes (November 1641)
        Pym didn;t bother sending it to the Lords, knowing they wouldn't pass it
        Published it directly instead
  - Could Charles be trusted to command the Irish Army in light of the Army Plot and the Incident?
    - The Incident: attept to arrest Argyll and Hamilton. Scottish nobles associated with the Covenanters
    - THE ARMY PLOT: revealed that a group of Army officers had planned a coup d'état which would free Strafford and disband parliament
    - The first act for the control of the militia was drafted, though not passed.
  - More power to parliament: Charles needed more money to put down the rebellion
    - Pym could use this to strengthen resolve in the face of reaction
      - 5. The Grand Remonstrance
        Drafted by Pym: A review of Charles' entire reign, setting out the evidence that there was a Catholic plot at the heart of Charles' government
        called for parliament to control the King's ministers
        
        Called for the exclusion of bishops and Catholiic peers from the Lords, Root and Branch reform
        
        Parts of the document could not be voted on separately;MPs were forced to take a side on whether they supported CI's entire reign, in Personal Rule, or not
        Due to popular anger at Charles and Laud, refusing to criticise Charles could be dangerous, many MPs were pressured into voting for the Grand Remonstrance
        Popular anger and protest
        Cressy
        'the explosion of print' was 'a revolution within the revolution'
        
        'The years 1640-42 saw.. an extraordinary upsurge of hostility to established authority'
        
        December 1641: mobs of apprentices and trained bands protested the appointment of Lupton to govern the Tower of london
        They thought CI was planning to use the arsenal in the Tower to attack parliament/ the city
        
        CI was forced to withdraw Lupton's appointment
        
        27 Dec: crowds obstructed bishops and prevented them from entering the House of Lords
        12 Bishops presented a petition asking parliament to discount anthing that had passed on that day; Parliament had them impeached
        
        10 Jan 1642: CI was forced to flee London for Hampton Court
        
        Passed by 159-148 votes (November 1641)
        Pym didn;t bother sending it to the Lords, knowing they wouldn't pass it
- 7. Control of Militia
  - April: Sir John Hotham refuses to surrender Hull arsenal to CI
  - March 1642: Parliament issued the 'militia ordinance'
    - First time parliament had passed a law without the king's consent
    - June: Charles I issues the Commissions of Array
      - Forces militia captains to choose a side (eg Sir Thomas Kynvett who received orders from both the King and Parliament)
  - July 1642: Parliament raises an army. August: CI raises his standard at Nottingham
    - 8. The 19 Propositions
      - List of Parliament's war aims; delivered to CI July 1642
        Parliament to control appointment of advisors, education and marriages of the King's children
        
        Catholic peers to be excluded from the Lords, anti-catholic laws to be strictly enforced. Parliament to reform the Church of England.
        
        CI to approve the militia ordinance and put forts and castles under the control of officers approved by Parliament
        
        Clear the 5 members of all charges
        
        Discuss and decide policies in parliament, not in private
- 8. The 19 Propositions
  - List of Parliament's war aims; delivered to CI July 1642
    - Parliament to control appointment of advisors, education and marriages of the King's children
    - Catholic peers to be excluded from the Lords, anti-catholic laws to be strictly enforced. Parliament to reform the Church of England.
    - CI to approve the militia ordinance and put forts and castles under the control of officers approved by Parliament
    - Clear the 5 members of all charges
    - Discuss and decide policies in parliament, not in private
- 6. The Attempt on the Five Members (Jan 4 1645)
  - Charles entered the commons to arrest 5 MPs and one peer
    - Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, Strode and Edward Montagu (soon to be Earl of Manchester)
  - destroyed remaining trust in his ability to rule and goodwill between him and parliament, gave credibility to conspiracy theories
    - Lords: accepted the bill excluding bishops from parliament
    - 7. Control of Militia
      - April: Sir John Hotham refuses to surrender Hull arsenal to CI
      - March 1642: Parliament issued the 'militia ordinance'
        First time parliament had passed a law without the king's consent
        
        June: Charles I issues the Commissions of Array
        Forces militia captains to choose a side (eg Sir Thomas Kynvett who received orders from both the King and Parliament)
      - July 1642: Parliament raises an army. August: CI raises his standard at Nottingham

Get Revising

The Long Parliament

Comments

Similar History resources:

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar History resources: