The Importance of Proteins in the Control of Processes and Responses in Organisms
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- Created on: 15-05-20 21:54
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- The Importance of Proteins in the Control of Processes and Response in Organisms
- Mass Transport
- Haemoglobin
- Globular, soluble protein with a quaternary structure.
- Contains 4 haem groups, each of which can combine with 1 O2 molecule.
- Important for oxygen transport in mammals as O2 and haemoglobin combine to form oxyhaemoglobin.
- Globular, soluble protein with a quaternary structure.
- The quaternary structure of haemoglobin allows it to play its role in the mass transport of oxygen as it follows the oyharmoglobin dissociation curve.
- Haemoglobin, globular, soluble, quaternary, haem group amd ocyhaemoglobin.
- Haemoglobin
- Transport Across Cell Membranes
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Ions can diffuse through channel proteins in phospholipid bilayer.
- Channel proteins specific for particular ions.
- More channel proteins = higher rate of diffusion
- Can be gated to control rate of diffusion.
- Large molecules like glucose can only diffuse with carrier proteins.
- Molecule temporarily binds to carrier protein which changes shape to carry molecule through membrane.
- Carrier and channel proteins have specific tertiary structures.
- Ions can diffuse through channel proteins in phospholipid bilayer.
- Active Transport
- Some carrier proteins use energy from ATP to move ions/ molecules against their concentration gradient.
- Co-Transport
- Co-transporter proteins transport 2 substances together across the membrane.
- Often uses both active transport and facilitated diffusion.
- E.g. sodium, glucose co-transporters in the epithelial cells of the small intestines.
- Co-transporter proteins transport 2 substances together across the membrane.
- Proteins are essential in transport across cell membranes as proteins are the means by which facilitated diffusop, active transport and co-transport occur.
- Active transport, facilitated diffusion, co-transport, carrier protein, channel protein, co=transporter, ion, molecule and tertiary.
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Ribosomes
- Made up of RNA and protein.
- Where proteins are synthesised.
- Ribosomes are made up of RNA and protein and they carry out the function of protein synthesis, which is the way genes are expressed in organisms.
- tRNA, mRNA, codons, anticodons, translation and synthesis.
- Enzymes
- Catalase
- Catalyses decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
- Found in liver.
- DNA Helicase
- Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases - allows the 2 strands to separate.
- DNA Polmerase
- Attaches new nucleotides to each other, by condensation reactions, forming phosphodiester bonds.
- RNA Polymerase
- Links RNA nucleotides together by forming phosphodiester bonds between their ribose and phophate groups.
- Biological catalysts.
- Have an active site with a specific structure to one substrate - unique tertiary structure.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biological reactions, which makes them incredibly important in metabolic functions.
- Catalyst, active site, ES compound, RNA polymerase, DNA polmerase, catalase and DNA helicase.
- Catalase
- Structure of Proteins
- Tertiary
- Polypeptide chain folds forming complex 3D shapes.
- Shape determined by where bonds can form = primary sequence.
- Structure protein-specific.
- Shape determined by where bonds can form = primary sequence.
- Held together by bonds between R groups.
- Involves hydrogen and ionic bonding and disulfide bridges.
- Polypeptide chain folds forming complex 3D shapes.
- Quaternary
- Made up of multiple polypeptides.
- Can contain groups that are not amino acids, e.e. iron ions.
- Within an organism, there is a range of structures of proteins which are protein-specific, which allows for proteins to perform their specific tasks.
- Quaternary, tertiary, R groups, polypeptides, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges.
- Tertiary
- Immunology
- Antigens
- Cell-specific proteins or glycoproteins that are found on the cell membrane.
- Immune cells can identify if an antigen is self or foreign, if foreign an immune response is triggered.
- Allows detection of pathogens, cells from other organisms of same species, abnormal body cells and toxins.
- Immune cells can identify if an antigen is self or foreign, if foreign an immune response is triggered.
- Cell-specific proteins or glycoproteins that are found on the cell membrane.
- Antibodies
- Proteins which are produced by B lymphocytes.
- Specific to antigens on foreign cell.
- Cause agglutination - makes phagocytosis easier.
- Proteins which are produced by B lymphocytes.
- Phagocytosis
- White blood cells (e.g. macrophages and neutrophils) can take in bacteria via phagocytosis.
- Extend psudopodia around bacteria creating phagosome.
- Lysosome fuses with phagosome and injects lysozymes into phagosome.
- Destorys bacterial cell walls - hydrolyses murein.
- Lysosome fuses with phagosome and injects lysozymes into phagosome.
- Extend psudopodia around bacteria creating phagosome.
- White blood cells (e.g. macrophages and neutrophils) can take in bacteria via phagocytosis.
- T-Helper Cells
- Release cytokines (small proteins) which stimulate killer T cells, B lymphocytes and phagocytes to respond to infection.
- Within the immune system, there is a range of proteins that respond the infection of the organism with cells that have foreign antibodies.
- T-helper cells, antibodies, B lymphocytes, antigens, phagocytosis, cytokines and agglutination.
- Antigens
- Mass Transport
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