Reasons for the crusades
- Created by: ellagb
- Created on: 10-04-17 16:22
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- Reasons for the crusades
- Why it was called for by Pope Urban II
- Muslim occupation of the Holy land
- The Turks held control over Jerusalem since the 7th century
- Until the 11th century, Christian pilgrims were allowed access
- it became more difficult as Seljuk power began to grow in Asia Minor
- The route was less secure from raids, fewer cities had Byzantine control, and it had expensive entry tolls
- it became more difficult as Seljuk power began to grow in Asia Minor
- Until the 11th century, Christian pilgrims were allowed access
- The Turks held control over Jerusalem since the 7th century
- After a 10 year long war with the antipope, Urban decided to choose a new path of the papacy
- He wanted Europe to stop fighting against the Pope and fight in his name instead
- Muslim occupation of the Holy land
- Why people went on a crusade
- Church and belief
- Considered an 'infidel' or a 'heretic' if religious instruction of the pope wasn't followed
- In this era faith was an important aspect of people's everyday lives
- Contributing to this is the belief of the after life
- Christians made donations and went on such pilgrimages to minimise their time in purgatory and maximise their chances of going to heaven
- These religious practices were seen as a form of pennance
- Christians made donations and went on such pilgrimages to minimise their time in purgatory and maximise their chances of going to heaven
- This gave the Pope great influence on people
- Cluniac reform movement encouraged people to act on their sins
- Actively promoted the Jerusalem pilgrimage as a method of this
- There was constant flow of people going on these pilgrimages, e.g. in 1046 between 7000-1200 German pilgrims travelled to Jerusalem
- Actively promoted the Jerusalem pilgrimage as a method of this
- Contributing to this is the belief of the after life
- The theory of just war
- Through asking knights to kill he was also asking them to break one of the ten commandments, meaning they would have to go to Hell for eternity
- To avoid this and appeal more crusaders, he came up with the theory of just war along with Countess Mathilda of Tuscany.
- Mathilda gathered a series of canonists (a person who studies church law)
- To avoid this and appeal more crusaders, he came up with the theory of just war along with Countess Mathilda of Tuscany.
- Was the developed idea of penitential warfare , created by Augustine of Hippo
- How it was applied to the first crusade: -Good reason -Good intentions -An official leader
- Through asking knights to kill he was also asking them to break one of the ten commandments, meaning they would have to go to Hell for eternity
- The Papal reform movement
- The crusade needed more factors that appealed to knights as justification was not enough , i.e. Just war theory
- The Pope was unable to offer money as it would cost a great amount and he was already asking knights to spend several times the average income to go
- Instead he offered Indulgence, which was essentially a free pass from Hell, and it came in two varieties
- Type one: 'Remissio Peccatorum' , translating to remission of all sins. it ensured no matter how much they had already sinned they would go to heaven if they went on the crusade
- Type two: 'The Plenary Indulgence' , this included being let off for all their sins so far
- Seemed more convincing as : it was a gift not earned and the church had a theory to back it up
- This theory was called the treasury of the church, meaning they had a store of merit from Christ
- Seemed more convincing as : it was a gift not earned and the church had a theory to back it up
- Instead he offered Indulgence, which was essentially a free pass from Hell, and it came in two varieties
- The Pope was unable to offer money as it would cost a great amount and he was already asking knights to spend several times the average income to go
- The crusade needed more factors that appealed to knights as justification was not enough , i.e. Just war theory
- Warfare
- Development
- Improvements in technology allowed them to
- Key changes: -Stirrup on the horse and high saddle improved secuirty on horse back.-horses were shod so they were able to cover rough terrain- also they made their uniform heavily armoured for protecion
- These changes proved to be a success in the battle of hastings in 1066, demonstrating potential for the up coming century
- Key changes: -Stirrup on the horse and high saddle improved secuirty on horse back.-horses were shod so they were able to cover rough terrain- also they made their uniform heavily armoured for protecion
- Improvements in technology allowed them to
- The Byzantine empire had protected Christianity in the East but now its position was under threat
- Development
- Church and belief
- The aim
- Jerualem held two important religious location
- the calvary: where Christ was crusified
- The Holy Sepulchre: where Christ was resurrected
- These sites made the location a traditional pilgrimage destination
- Jerualem held two important religious location
- Papal support for Crusades
- Paschal II
- Threatened to excommunicate any first crusaders who abandoned it or refused to set off in the first place
- Urban II
- After launching the idea of the crusade at the Council of Clermont nov 1095, he then went on a 2000 mile preaching tour
- Came up with the ceremony of granting the cross, providing a visual symbol for the crusade
- this idea was then developed by Alexander III, by spreading Christendom, publishing his work in all churches
- Clement III
- Got financial support from the Canterbury and Glenoa clergy
- Influence of preachers
- eg the Archbishop of Canterbury went on a preaching tour in Wales 1188, and accordingly enlisted 3000 crusaders
- How did preachers recruit crusaders
- people of a town would gather and prepare to listen to their message
- the main part of the ceramony would involve a public Invitatio or apeal to take the cross where they made a vow to wear the cross until the vow had been forfilled
- Preachers had a range of tactics to improve success
- eg go to a town on a holy day, maximising atmosphere for the audience
- Improvements to the selection of preachers
- Urban initially had little control over preachers
- The idea of using papal legates became fully utilised in the fourth crusade
- Key preacher
- Bernard of Clairvaux: powerful preacher for the second crusade
- people of a town would gather and prepare to listen to their message
- Paschal II
- Changing of political situation
- Threats to the Byzantine empire
- The Byzantine empire was initially survived the collapse of the roman empire, under control of Alexius I
- Capital was constantinople, centre of Greek orthadox church, as it had split from latin their relationship began to improve in 1090's
- Seljuk Turks had taken Aia minor from them and in 1078 they also took Nicea ( 100k from Constantinople)
- If nothing was done to stop Suleyman, the Seljuk leader, Byzantine would fall under muslim control
- Alexius' appeal to Urban II
- hHe wanted Nicea back under his control, creating a buffer between the Turks
- The Byzantine empire was initially survived the collapse of the roman empire, under control of Alexius I
- Threats to the Byzantine empire
- Urbans politcal problems
- Challenges from the German empire
- Due to feuds between the previos pope and Henry Iv of Germany, Urban was not in a good position
- Due to Investiture controversy
- Germany supported the antipope in Urbans earlier years of being pope
- Due to feuds between the previos pope and Henry Iv of Germany, Urban was not in a good position
- Problems in France
- King Philip had gone against church law, he abandoned his wife for someone else and imprisoned an opposing Bishop
- The Pope had no choice but to excommunicate him
- Violence growing in France
- Castellans used violence to assert authority
- Cluniac reformers promoted everyday violence, especially towards chrudch men was unnaccetable
- The church put in two measures to avoid this behaviour: Peace of God and Truce of God
- Peace of God were orders for Ecclesiastical protection
- Truce of god was to limit violence to only certain days of the year
- The church put in two measures to avoid this behaviour: Peace of God and Truce of God
- Cluniac reformers promoted everyday violence, especially towards chrudch men was unnaccetable
- how a crusade could help
- Gives the French nights a holy purpose for their violence
- Castellans used violence to assert authority
- King Philip had gone against church law, he abandoned his wife for someone else and imprisoned an opposing Bishop
- Challenges from the German empire
- Defence of the crusader states
- Threat from Zengi and the second crusade
- Zengis campaigns were initially focused on Antioch
- his most well known achievement was the capture of Edessa 1144, where he left 15000 dead
- this was a crisis that showed the need for defence
- Threat from Saladin and the third crusade
- Loss of Jerusalem
- Egyptian Vizier began attempts of invasion in 1170
- There were failed attempts for calls of a crusade in means of defence showing it was not enough to prompt a crusade
- eg. Pope Alexander III called for one as Bohemond III was captured by Nur ad Din and increased threat to antioch
- Threat from Zengi and the second crusade
- What inspired knights to go on a crusade
- Nature of knighthood
- Devlopments in armour etc
- Warfare experience
- 10% of the 60000 that set off in 1096 were knights
- Motivations in 1095 ( 11th century knights)
- Lordship ties, family connections and links to Cluny
- Surrounded by enthusiasm
- Settlement in thecrusader states
- The opportunity to gain land was used as a recruitment tactic in the first crusade
- Power
- Bohemond of toronto went on the crusade as he wanted to be a prince
- 200/300 out of 1200 knights at the battle of ascolon settled there
- Lordship ties, family connections and links to Cluny
- The development of Chivalric values
- In the 12th century Chivalric values changed what it ment to be a knight
- Crusading became a duty
- More foucs on winning wars, courage in battle
- A new code of behaviour
- Took up roles as soldiers rather than crusaders
- Protecting Christianity and pilgrims
- The military orders
- Templar movement
- Escorted pilgrims to protect them from ever present muslim threat
- Hospitaller movement
- main responsibility was to run St Johns hospital
- Militarised in the 1130s, king fulk donated a castle in 1136
- by 1144 they had a big state of tripoli to defend
- Templar movement
- The military orders
- Protecting Christianity and pilgrims
- Crusading became a duty
- In the 12th century Chivalric values changed what it ment to be a knight
- Nature of knighthood
- Why it was called for by Pope Urban II
- Urban II
- After launching the idea of the crusade at the Council of Clermont nov 1095, he then went on a 2000 mile preaching tour
- Came up with the ceremony of granting the cross, providing a visual symbol for the crusade
- this idea was then developed by Alexander III, by spreading Christendom, publishing his work in all churches
- people of a town would gather and prepare to listen to their message
- the main part of the ceramony would involve a public Invitatio or apeal to take the cross where they made a vow to wear the cross until the vow had been forfilled
- Preachers had a range of tactics to improve success
- eg go to a town on a holy day, maximising atmosphere for the audience
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