Collapse of Autocracy
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- Created on: 15-05-17 12:38
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- The Collapse of Autocracy 1894 - 1917
- Nicholas II
- Continued Alexander IIIs policies - rustication and repression
- Russo-***anese War
- Causes
- d by: Russia has long standing influence over far east, threatened by ***an's interest in Amur River
- Sabre-rattling - to engage public support against common enemy
- Misplaced confidence - larger army, transiberian rail and chinese eastern rail, racial supremacist
- Failure - Battle of Mukden lost 85,000 Russians
- The Peace of Portsmouth Aug 1905 - Lost large amount of foreign territory to ***an
- Illustrates technical failures, opposition to regime, poor modernisation
- Causes
- Bloody Sunday
- Caused by: Russo-*** War, famine 1891, increasing revolutionaries and liberals, radicalisationof Zubatov trade unions, Okhrana
- 150,000 gathered at Winter Palace, organised by Gapon (priest),
- To hand Tsar a petition with proposed work terms
- 200 died, 800 injured
- Resulted in wave of protests and strikes = 1905 rev
- October Manifesto
- Granted civil liberties e.g. freedom of speech, no censorship, elected duma
- With managed to isolate opposition by splitting radicals and liberals
- Octobrists satisfied with terms of manifesto - first step to reform
- End to general strike by St Petes Soviet
- 'Counter Revolution
- right wing groups support Tsar e.g. Union of Russian People - anti socialist and anti semitic
- Feared change - conservative,funded by Minister of Interior
- Leaders and deputies arrested, uprising by SDs crushed - brutal crackdown
- Mass arrests, executions and beatings by police and Okhrana
- Announce cut in redemption payments and Peasants' Land Bank to appease peasants
- Troops sent to ****, beat and execute peasants - 15,000 killed
- Used cossacks to instil fear in ethnic minorities
- Old order of repression back
- Stolypin's neckties - peasants killed in their hundreds
- Old order of repression back
- Stolypin's neckties - peasants killed in their hundreds
- Used cossacks to instil fear in ethnic minorities
- Troops sent to ****, beat and execute peasants - 15,000 killed
- right wing groups support Tsar e.g. Union of Russian People - anti socialist and anti semitic
- Dumas
- Made up of cadets, Octobrists, Rightists, Progressists, Trudoviks, National Groups
- Restricted powers with Fundamental Laws 1906
- 1st Duma - tense, but high hope, demanded more power = dissolved
- Cyborg Appeal = counter-productive - scattered violence = repression
- Stolypin's Neckties - 3000 killed
- Cyborg Appeal = counter-productive - scattered violence = repression
- 2nd Duma -revolutionary groups join = radical - left v right - dissolved
- 3rd Duma - electoral reform - dominated by right liberals- blocked Stolypin's reforms
- Achieved land reforms, national health scheme, army reform, education law 1908
- 4th Duma - interrupted by war, critical of handling of Lena Goldfields Massacre 1912
- Survived because: army largely loyal, quick end to russo-*** war, repression, lack of coordinated pop, october manifesto, traditional loyal
- Provisional Government
- Dual Power
- Prince Lvov = Primeminister- consists of ProvGov and Petrograd Soviet
- Soviets Order No 1 - Soviet to control all weapons - powerful, also control factories, power supplies, rail
- Soviet lets Provgov rule - don't want counter rev
- Little conflict initially, public approval - freedoms granted, worst aspects of tsarism abolished
- Soviets set up outside capital = chaotic and disunity = divisions
- Challenges facing Prov Gov
- War - cadets want to continue, socialists want to end it = divisions
- Kerensky launches July Offensive - unsuccessful = anger, some move towards Bs
- Land and Peasants - didn't want to make a decision, peasants want redistribution,refuse to send grain to cities
- National Minorities - want independence= divisions, Cadets want unity, socialists believe in autonomy
- Social reform - works expect reform, but reform too slow = labour militancy
- Economy - downward spiral, no food, inflation- no solution from provgov
- War - cadets want to continue, socialists want to end it = divisions
- Dual Power
- World War One
- At the front - early successes but poor leadership and breakdown of distribution system and resources = low morale
- But soldiers fought hard - contributed to allied victory
- Home Front - Popular wave of support for Tsar initially, but poor economic conditions = factories closed, no food. 8 mil dead
- Militant strikes increased 1916
- Gov Incompetence and Tsar's Role
- Buckled under total war pressure, Zemstvas more effective at organising relief
- Tsar wouldn't cooperate with progressive bloc in Duma or zemstvas
- Tsar took direct control of army 1915 - personally responsible
- Tsarina and Rasputin rumours of scandal - authority of Tsar damaged
- At the front - early successes but poor leadership and breakdown of distribution system and resources = low morale
- February Revolution
- Not much input from revolutionary groups
- More material grievances but gov incompetence = turn to rev
- Main Events
- 100,000 workers strike 14th Feb,
- International Womens' Day march 240,000
- Red flags, overturn status, shout revolutionary slogans, no obvious organisation from radicals
- Petrograd Soviet set up - organise food relief
- Duma forms Provisional Government with army support
- Put down by force and repression = mutiny in army 66,000
- Tsar abdicates
- Pressures of war, loss of army support, loss of traditional support, economic issues, his own mistakes, opposition
- Not much input from revolutionary groups
- Opposition
- 1895-1905
- Russification,land captains, factory conditions, Okhrana, famine, reduction in Zemstva's powers
- SRs
- Grew from Populist movement, broadened to include all opposition to Tsar
- Most popular group w/ peasants
- weakened by internal divisions - terrorism and moderates
- 1901-1905 - responsible for 20000 political assassinations including Phleve and Grand Duke Sergei
- Grew from Populist movement, broadened to include all opposition to Tsar
- SDs
- Marxist party - class struggle and industrial proletariat throwing over capitalist
- Split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks when Lenin and Martov fell out 1903
- Liberals
- Octobrists - moderates, loyal to Tsar, wanted reform not rev
- Regarded October manifesto as constitutionaladvances
- Kadets - largest liberals, want constitutional monarchy
- Party of liberal intelligentsia, integral to provgov formation
- Octobrists - moderates, loyal to Tsar, wanted reform not rev
- 1905 Revolution
- Strikes, demos, riots, citizens formed militias
- Revolt in countryside by peasants - attacked landlords, mutinies in army (made of largely peasants)
- Nationalities - strong nationalist ID emerged, autonomy demanded e.g. Poles anf Finns, 300,000 troops sent to Poland
- Mutiny of Potemkin - shock to gov - crew mutiny over conditions, greeted by crowds, fired on them = 2000 dead - loyalty of army paramount
- General Strike - 2 million workers strike sept to oct - real hardship. Clashes w/ police and Cossacks. St Petersburg Soviet formed = strength of urban workers
- Revolutionary groups in exile - absent
- May - liberals come together to press for political reform - national representative assembly
- 100s of Zemstvas campaigned for political change - gov as incompetent after Russo-*** war
- Strikes, demos, riots, citizens formed militias
- 1895-1905
- Rise of Bolsheviks
- April Theses
- Lenin demanded power to soviets, end of war, land redistribution,no coop with provgov
- Increased Bolshevik support - slogans
- Lenin demanded power to soviets, end of war, land redistribution,no coop with provgov
- July Days
- Uncontrolled rioting 3-5th July - first challenge to provgov
- 20,000 soldiers on streets - violent atmosphere
- Attempts to arrest B leaders - B plot or spontaneous? - Lenin fled
- July Offensive failure = collapse of provgov
- Kornilov Affair
- Kerensky appoints Kornilov to restore order and crush radicals, but rumours of military dictatorship
- Army soldiers loyal to Bolsheviks put down Kornilov = popularity
- Kerensky appoints Kornilov to restore order and crush radicals, but rumours of military dictatorship
- October Revolution
- Bolsheviks control Soviet, provgov unpopular - Lenin persuades BCC to act
- Red Guard units, sailors and soldiers seize key points of city e.g. rail, bridges
- Storm Winter Palace 25th Oct where provgov convened - only defended by army cadets - disarmed them and arrested provgov
- Red Guard units, sailors and soldiers seize key points of city e.g. rail, bridges
- Portrayed heroically by Bolsheviks - myth of mass support and heroism
- Bolsheviks fragile but in power - Lenin announces new government
- They have majority in All Russian Congress of Sovets now - Trotsky stages walkout
- Bolsheviks in Power
- Sovnarkom = main instrument of gov - only Bs in it
- Foundations shaky, esp outside center
- Lenin wants 1 party rule - 1000s petitions = has to allow constituent assembly elections
- First Measures
- Ended war, redistributed land, gave control of factories to workers, gave rights to national minorities
- Closed down opposition press, outlawed other parties, Cheka set up, civil service purged, new judicial system
- Opp to Bs = weak. Used class warfare to control middle classes
- SRs won majority in Constituent Assembly (410) but Lenin wrote it off as illegal and bourgeoisie
- Opp to Bs = weak. Used class warfare to control middle classes
- Decree on peace collapsed = Russia in weak position
- First Measures
- Lenin wants 1 party rule - 1000s petitions = has to allow constituent assembly elections
- Popular revolution vs Coup D'etat vs people created circumstances beneficial to Bs
- Bolsheviks control Soviet, provgov unpopular - Lenin persuades BCC to act
- April Theses
- Nicholas II
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