biological for ocd and phobias
- Created by: cieran32
- Created on: 29-05-18 18:58
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- the biological approach to OCD/ Phobias
- explaining ocd
- neural Explanaitons
- serotonin levels low in OCD- antidepressants that increase serotonin most effective (Jenicke)
- Dopamine levels high in OCD- linked to compulsive behaviours in animal studies ( Szechtman et al)
- worry circuit- damaged caudate necleus doesn't suppress worry signals from OFC (orbital frontal cortex) to thalumus
- Serotonin and dopamine linked to activity in these parts of the frontal lobe e.g(Sukel)
- Genetic explanations
- SERT gene- one allele more common in a family with OCD, creates low levels of serotonin (Ozaki et al)
- COMPT gene- one allele more common in OCD, creates high levels of Dopamine (Tukel et al)
- Diathesis - stress - same genes linked to other disorders or no disorder at all therefore consider a vulnerability
- Evalution
- genes are not specified to OCD - also linked tourettes , autism, anorexia i.e obsessive types of behaviours
- environmental component- concordance rates have never 100%, type of OCD is not inherited
- studies of first degree relatives- 5 times greater risk of OCD if relative has OCD (Nestadt et al )
- twin studies- twice as likely to have OCD if MZ twins
- neural Explanaitons
- treating OCD
- Drug therapy
- SSRI's - prevent re-uptake of serotonin by pre-synaptic nueron
- antidepressants increase serotonin
- tricyclics- block re- uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin but have more severe side effects, so are second choice of treatment
- evaluation
- drug therapies are preferred less time and less effort than CBT, and my benefit from from interaction with caring doctor
- effectiveness- SSRIs better than placebo over short term(soomro et al)
- side effects not so severe with SSRIs (e.g insomnia) more severe with tricyclics e.g (hallucination)
- not a lasting cure patients relapse when treatment stops (maina et al)
- publication bias- more studies with positive results are published which may bis doctor prefences
- Drug therapy
- treating phobias
- Flooding
- continues until anxiety subsides and relaxation is complete
- one long session with the most fearful stimulus
- can be in vivo or virtual reality
- evaluation
- Effectiveness- research suggests it may be more effective than SD and quicker (Choy et al)
- individual differences- traumatic and, if patients quits then treatment has failed
- symptom substitution- a phobia may be underlying problem (e.g little Hans )
- Flooding
- explaining ocd
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