phobia - two process

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  • The Behavioural Approach To Explaining Phobias - Two-Process Model
    • Hobart Mowrer proposed the two-process model for phobias
    • The model states that phobias are learnt through classical conditioning and continue because of operant conditioning
    • Classical Conditioning involves learning through associations. You learn to associate something where there is no fear with something that triggers a feared response
    • John Watson created a phobia in a 9 month old baby called Little Albert
      • Whenever Albert was shown the rat, the experimenter made a loud noise
        • Noise = unconditioned stimulus which created an unconditioned response of fear
        • When the rat and the noise were played together an association is formed,they now both produce a feared response
          • The rat is now the conditioned stimulus which produces the conditioned response of fear
    • Phobias are often long lasting, responses obtained through classical conditioning usually tend to decline over time, phobias are obtained through operant conditioning
      • Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement it takes place when we ate rewarded or punished
        • Reinforcement tends to increase the frequency of our behaviour through both negative and positive
          • With negative reinforcement the individual avoids situations that are unpleasant
            • This behaviour is desirable so the behaviour will be repeated
            • The conclusion made is when we avoid a phobic stimulus we successfully escape anxiety, this reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour so the phobia is maintained
    • Noise = UCS, Fear = UCR, Rat = neutral......Rat = CS, Fear = CR

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