phobia - two process
- Created by: Emma-Cargillxx
- Created on: 30-05-17 13:56
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- The Behavioural Approach To Explaining Phobias - Two-Process Model
- Hobart Mowrer proposed the two-process model for phobias
- The model states that phobias are learnt through classical conditioning and continue because of operant conditioning
- Classical Conditioning involves learning through associations. You learn to associate something where there is no fear with something that triggers a feared response
- John Watson created a phobia in a 9 month old baby called Little Albert
- Whenever Albert was shown the rat, the experimenter made a loud noise
- Noise = unconditioned stimulus which created an unconditioned response of fear
- When the rat and the noise were played together an association is formed,they now both produce a feared response
- The rat is now the conditioned stimulus which produces the conditioned response of fear
- Whenever Albert was shown the rat, the experimenter made a loud noise
- Phobias are often long lasting, responses obtained through classical conditioning usually tend to decline over time, phobias are obtained through operant conditioning
- Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement it takes place when we ate rewarded or punished
- Reinforcement tends to increase the frequency of our behaviour through both negative and positive
- With negative reinforcement the individual avoids situations that are unpleasant
- This behaviour is desirable so the behaviour will be repeated
- The conclusion made is when we avoid a phobic stimulus we successfully escape anxiety, this reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour so the phobia is maintained
- With negative reinforcement the individual avoids situations that are unpleasant
- Reinforcement tends to increase the frequency of our behaviour through both negative and positive
- Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement it takes place when we ate rewarded or punished
- Noise = UCS, Fear = UCR, Rat = neutral......Rat = CS, Fear = CR
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