Tectonics

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  • Tectonics
    • General Knowledge
      • 95% of tectonic hazards occur at plate boundaries
      • Divergent, convergent and conservative
      • Intra-plate earthquakes and hot spot volcanoes e.g Iceland
    • Case studies
      • 2011 Japan tsunami (Tohoku): 9.0 magnitude led to $300 billion in damage + Fukushima nuclear plant destroyed. Only 16,000 lives lost due to community preparedness = low vulnerability and high resilience through insurance policies.
      • 2004 East Asian tsunami is a mega disaster due to 280,000 deaths and 1.7 million homeless. The 9.0 magnitude earthquake combined with a lack of dedicated warning systems resulted in high dependence on NGO aid ~ £4.5 billion.
      • 2010 Haiti earthquake is  a mega disaster due to numerous root causes and dynamic pressures. High levels of corruption meant building code regulations were omitted, resulting in the death of 230,000 and 1.5 million homeless. A low GDP meant a high vulnerability and low resilience. Using the park model, Haiti has still not recovered to it's level of normality.
      • The Philippines is a multiple hazard zone and therefore is more vulnerable. In 1991 the eruption of Mt Pinatubo was quickly followed by a large typhoon which caused flooding and lahar mudslides. A high population density on hill slopes and lowering coping capacity resulted in significant impacts.
      • Sichuan, China 2008 is classes as a mega disaster due to a staggering $125 billion damage to infrastructure. The unexpected earthquake event was exacerbated by localised political corruption which meant building codes were ignored. However, China being a HIC was able to quickly evacuate people and distribute aid.
      • Nepal 2015 is an example of a shallow focus earthquake causing significant infrastructure damage through secondary hazards and a lowered coping capacity. Several aftershocks resulted in landslides and avalanches impacting hillside communities, resulting in 9000 dead and 1/2 million homeless.
      • Following the 1995 Montserrat eruption, the southern 2/3's of the country became inhabitable. As a result, 7000 out of the existing 10,000 population were made homeless. Pyroclastic flows  and large ash clouds polluted the arable farmland resulting in high outward migration.
      • Mt Nyiragongo is a volcano in the DRoC. As a shield volcano, when it erupted in 2002 there was fast moving, basaltic lava. This led to the destruction of infrastructure and homes, displacing 500,000 refugees into Rwanda were they experienced gang violence.
    • Factors affecting vulnerability
      • The PAR model identifies root causes (governance), dynamic pressures (socio-economic) and unsafe conditions (physical constraints) as causes for natural disasters
      • Degg's model distills tectonic disasters as a combination of vulnerable populations overlapping with hazardous events.
      • An LIC has a higher vulnerability due to it lacking GDP and resources to properly protect and mitigate against hazards. Furthermore, they often lack aid resources or insurance during the recovery period of a hazard cycle.
      • The demographic of a population can also affect vulnerability such as: age, population density and level of education and community preparedness
      • Hazard prediction and management
        • Mitigation techniques remove or limit root causes such as: Land use zoning (new Zealand, Christchurch) and GIS mapping (Nepal)
        • Adaptation methods reduce the intensity of impacts, such as: High tech monitoring via DART system (Japan) and Community preparedness and awareness through Disaster risk reduction (Sendai framework). LICs are limited if they cannot enforce education
        • Tectonics
          • General Knowledge
            • 95% of tectonic hazards occur at plate boundaries
            • Divergent, convergent and conservative
            • Intra-plate earthquakes and hot spot volcanoes e.g Iceland
          • Case studies
            • 2011 Japan tsunami (Tohoku): 9.0 magnitude led to $300 billion in damage + Fukushima nuclear plant destroyed. Only 16,000 lives lost due to community preparedness = low vulnerability and high resilience through insurance policies.
            • 2004 East Asian tsunami is a mega disaster due to 280,000 deaths and 1.7 million homeless. The 9.0 magnitude earthquake combined with a lack of dedicated warning systems resulted in high dependence on NGO aid ~ £4.5 billion.
            • 2010 Haiti earthquake is  a mega disaster due to numerous root causes and dynamic pressures. High levels of corruption meant building code regulations were omitted, resulting in the death of 230,000 and 1.5 million homeless. A low GDP meant a high vulnerability and low resilience. Using the park model, Haiti has still not recovered to it's level of normality.
            • The Philippines is a multiple hazard zone and therefore is more vulnerable. In 1991 the eruption of Mt Pinatubo was quickly followed by a large typhoon which caused flooding and lahar mudslides. A high population density on hill slopes and lowering coping capacity resulted in significant impacts.
            • Sichuan, China 2008 is classes as a mega disaster due to a staggering $125 billion damage to infrastructure. The unexpected earthquake event was exacerbated by localised political corruption which meant building codes were ignored. However, China being a HIC was able to quickly evacuate people and distribute aid.
            • Nepal 2015 is an example of a shallow focus earthquake causing significant infrastructure damage through secondary hazards and a lowered coping capacity. Several aftershocks resulted in landslides and avalanches impacting hillside communities, resulting in 9000 dead and 1/2 million homeless.
            • Following the 1995 Montserrat eruption, the southern 2/3's of the country became inhabitable. As a result, 7000 out of the existing 10,000 population were made homeless. Pyroclastic flows  and large ash clouds polluted the arable farmland resulting in high outward migration.
            • Mt Nyiragongo is a volcano in the DRoC. As a shield volcano, when it erupted in 2002 there was fast moving, basaltic lava. This led to the destruction of infrastructure and homes, displacing 500,000 refugees into Rwanda were they experienced gang violence.
          • Factors affecting vulnerability
            • The PAR model identifies root causes (governance), dynamic pressures (socio-economic) and unsafe conditions (physical constraints) as causes for natural disasters
            • Degg's model distills tectonic disasters as a combination of vulnerable populations overlapping with hazardous events.
            • An LIC has a higher vulnerability due to it lacking GDP and resources to properly protect and mitigate against hazards. Furthermore, they often lack aid resources or insurance during the recovery period of a hazard cycle.
            • The demographic of a population can also affect vulnerability such as: age, population density and level of education and community preparedness
            • Hazard prediction and management
              • Mitigation techniques remove or limit root causes such as: Land use zoning (new Zealand, Christchurch) and GIS mapping (Nepal)
              • Adaptation methods reduce the intensity of impacts, such as: High tech monitoring via DART system (Japan) and Community preparedness and awareness through Disaster risk reduction (Sendai framework). LICs are limited if they cannot enforce education
            • Strength of governments and levels of corruption are root causes that affect vulnerability
          • Evaluating and Comparing Hazards
            • Hazard profiling compares the physical factors of a natural hazards to identify vulnerable communities e.g predictability, frequency and spatial concentration.
            • Global disaster trends indicate that while the number of hazards remains similiar, the size of vulnerable populations has increased. These changes are due to Urbanisation, High-tech improvements and population rise
            • The Hazard Management Cycle breaks down a hazard event into Prevention, Preparation and adaption, followed by Response and recovery after an event. It is used to assess the quality of defenses and how effective they were at preparing and protecting communties.
            • The problem with comparing hazards is that they often generalise information due to every hazard having different causes and effects. Data is often ignored and some long-term impacts such as psychological trauma may not have been identified.
            • The Richter (magnitude), mercalli (intensity) and moment magnitude scale (both) assess earthquakes while the VEI measures explosivity.
            • The Park model is a curve that compares a country's situation after a hazard to it's normality, often over a period of time. It is used to assess resilience as well as significant impacts affecting time to return to normality.
            • The Hyogo and Sendai Framework were meetings held to raise awareness for the increased need for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). This involved investing in infrastructure (prediction tech and defences) as well as educating/ preparing communities
              • However, improving DRR is time consuming and requires a lot of capital to achieve on a global scale
      • Strength of governments and levels of corruption are root causes that affect vulnerability
    • Evaluating and Comparing Hazards
      • Hazard profiling compares the physical factors of a natural hazards to identify vulnerable communities e.g predictability, frequency and spatial concentration.
      • Global disaster trends indicate that while the number of hazards remains similiar, the size of vulnerable populations has increased. These changes are due to Urbanisation, High-tech improvements and population rise
      • The Hazard Management Cycle breaks down a hazard event into Prevention, Preparation and adaption, followed by Response and recovery after an event. It is used to assess the quality of defenses and how effective they were at preparing and protecting communties.
      • The problem with comparing hazards is that they often generalise information due to every hazard having different causes and effects. Data is often ignored and some long-term impacts such as psychological trauma may not have been identified.
      • The Richter (magnitude), mercalli (intensity) and moment magnitude scale (both) assess earthquakes while the VEI measures explosivity.
      • The Park model is a curve that compares a country's situation after a hazard to it's normality, often over a period of time. It is used to assess resilience as well as significant impacts affecting time to return to normality.
      • The Hyogo and Sendai Framework were meetings held to raise awareness for the increased need for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). This involved investing in infrastructure (prediction tech and defences) as well as educating/ preparing communities
        • However, improving DRR is time consuming and requires a lot of capital to achieve on a global scale

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