TB9 D&L Lecture 2 Reading, Play and peer relationships
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- Created on: 22-07-16 13:40
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- TB9 D&L reading 2, Play and Peer relationships
- Key definitions
- Parallel activity, playing near each other without interaction
- Co-operative/ associative activity. interaction & performing similar tasks
- Parten, categories of social participation
- First four (unsociable) categories declined with age
- Categories involving interaction with peers increased
- Sociodramatic play; child is enacting a role
- Siblings
- Dunn & Kendrick (1982) 40 first born children study
- First borns showed jealousy of new sibling, directed towards PARENTS
- Interest and affection toward SIBLING
- First borns showed jealousy of new sibling, directed towards PARENTS
- Practice skills including;
- TOM; appearing @ approx age 4 years, maybe as early as 18 months
- Ruffman et al (1998), number of older (NOT younger) siblings contributed linearly to false belief under-standing
- Conflict resolution
- Older sibling in pretend play
- Comple-mentary role play
- TOM; appearing @ approx age 4 years, maybe as early as 18 months
- Apprentice-ship model
- Children acquire TOM from adults, older siblings and older children in 'extended family'
- Dunn & Kendrick (1982) 40 first born children study
- Only children
- Only affected social preference, often labelled as aggro and withdrawn
- Chinese only children
- No significant differences, due to % of population
- But! Do less well on TOM and conflict resolution at 3-4 years
- Social play
- Piaget's 3 main stages
- Sensorimotor (infancy)
- Symbolic play (15-6 years)
- Games with rules (6+ years)
- Smilansky's (1968) 4 stages in development of play
- 1. Functional
- 2. Constructive, more mature than sensori, but not pretend
- 3. Dramatic
- 4. Games with rules
- Rubin's play hierarchy
- Based on social participation AND levels of play
- 1. Assumes a non-universally accepted develop-mental progression of solitary play
- 2. Omits other kinds of play inc. physical
- Parent in pretend play
- Adult modelling of pretend play increased immediate pretend play (facilitatory)
- Object based pretence
- Gottman (1983), managing levels of closeness (amity)
- 4 year olds
- Escalation and de-escalation levels of play
- Risk & reward
- Sex differences
- Fem; frequent and more sophisticated pretend play
- Mother-daughter, symbolic play & fantasy play
- Evidence of sex-role stereo-typicality
- Piaget's 3 main stages
- Functions of play
- Tutoring
- Early results suggesting an improvement confounded by Hawthorne effect (some > none) AND no blind testing
- General adult stimulation more important than adult pretend play
- General posi correlation between TOM and pretend play
- General adult stimulation more important than adult pretend play
- Early results suggesting an improvement confounded by Hawthorne effect (some > none) AND no blind testing
- Intervention studies
- Dockett (1998); Australian preschool, 4 years old
- Amount and complexity of pretend increased in intervention =/ control
- Intervention did more make believe activities post-test
- Intervention showed signif increases on TOM from immediate > delayed post test
- Small sample size
- Dockett (1998); Australian preschool, 4 years old
- Dominance hierarchys
- Expressed through (male) physical activity play
- Tutoring
- Imaginary companions
- Paracosm; imagined and detailed fantasy world
- 25-50% of 3-8 year olds have ICs
- Key definitions
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