Surgery
- Created by: Julia
- Created on: 07-06-13 14:37
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- Surgery c1800 - present day
- Pain
- Anaesthetics
- 1799 Laughing Gas
- Anaesthetics
- Infection
- Antiseptic surgery
- Using chemicals to kill germs and stop infection
- Semmelweiss
- Discovered link between dirt and disease
- Made doctors wash hands
- Drmatically reduced septicaemia
- 1847, before Germ Theory
- Not significant
- Nobody took him seriously
- Rude and bad communicator
- Couldn't explain why washing hands worked
- Discovered link between dirt and disease
- Lister
- Read Germ Theory in 1865
- 1865 first used carbolic acid to disinfect bandages
- 1871 developed carbolic spray
- 1877 moved to London
- Opposition
- Practical reasons
- Carbolic acid was unpleasant
- Irritated skin
- Expensive
- Slowed down operations
- Lister kept changing methods
- Didn't know what he was doing?
- Surgeons were defensive
- Lister implied they'd been killing their patients
- Lister's arrogance and manner didn't help
- Practical reasons
- Acceptance
- Results
- Lister's death rate fell from 46% to 15%
- From one in two to one in six
- Lister's death rate fell from 46% to 15%
- Septicaemia bacterium
- Discovered by Koch in 1878
- Explained why Lister's methods worked
- Germ Theory more widely accepted
- Lister moves to London in 1877
- Results
- Aseptic surgery
- Sterilising the environment to stop germs getting into wounds
- Koch discovered hot steam killed more germs than carbolic acid
- All instruments sterilised
- Rubber gloves used by 1894
- More complex operations
- Appendix 1880s
- Heart 1896
- Antiseptic surgery
- Blood loss
- Problems
- Ligatures used since Pare in 1500s
- Reduced blood loss
- Surgeons unable to replace lost blood
- Transfusions had been tried, usually didn't work
- No knowledge of blood groups
- Transfusions had been tried, usually didn't work
- Ligatures used since Pare in 1500s
- Breakthroughs
- 1901 Landsteiner discovers blood groups
- 1907 First blood transfusion using blood types
- Discovers that type O is universal donor
- Storage of blood developed in WW1
- Sodium Citrate stops blood clotting
- Citrate glucose solution allows blood to be stroed for several days (Rous and Turner)
- First Blood Depot used for Battle of Cambrai 1917
- X Rays discovered 1895 by Roentgen
- Used in hospitals within 6 months
- Great for diagnosis to enable more successful surgery
- Mobile X ray units developed by Marie Curie during WW1
- Problems
- Pain
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