Subcultures
- Created by: Sianna Cole
- Created on: 12-04-14 11:59
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- Subcultures
- Paul Willis - Learning to Labour
- An ethnographic study of a group of 12 working class boys in their last 18 months at school and first few months at work in the 1970's
- Ethnographic studies look at the lifestyle of a group of people
- Involved interviews, observation and participant observation
- "The Lads" were part of a counter-school culture
- Counter-school culture refers to the beliefs of a group who are opposed to the values of those in authority at a school
- The Lads realise they are being exploited and see little opportunity of changing the situation, therefore ironically it is their own choices of "having a laff" that leaves them trapped in exploitative jobs that benefit the bourgeoisie
- They were racist, sexist, and valued traditional working class masculinity, and Willis found a shop-floor culture similar to this in their first jobs
- Shop-floor culture refers to the attitudes and behaviour of workers of factories and similar places, particularly men
- They were racist, sexist, and valued traditional working class masculinity, and Willis found a shop-floor culture similar to this in their first jobs
- It's been criticised for having a small sample of white male students that generalises working class experiences of education
- Neo-Marxist
- An ethnographic study of a group of 12 working class boys in their last 18 months at school and first few months at work in the 1970's
- Mac an Gahill - The Making of Men
- Mac an Gahill identifies a range of male subcultures
- The Macho Lads - hostile to school authority and often become unemployed
- The Academic Achievers - adopt a more traditional upward route to academic success and found ways to cope with bullying and stereotypes from macho lads
- The New Enterprisers - a new successful pro-school subculture who embraced the new vocationa-lism of the 80's and 90's
- Real Englishmen - see themselves as superior to others and achieve success in a way which appears effortless
- Gay Students - notice the heteosexist nature of education
- All studies are small scale which gives detailed research about individuals but they are not necessarily representatitve
- It could be argued that the combination of many studies produces more representative results
- Mac an Gahill identifies a range of male subcultures
- Gender
- Female subcultures
- Griffin (1985) found that girls are less likely to form larger subcultures and more likely to form small friend groups
- Deviance defined by sexuality not by causing trouble
- Griffin found no continuity of behaviour from school to work. Girls went down one of three routes
- Marriage Market - finding a permanent male partner
- Sexual market - having sexual relationships whilst maintaining a good reputation
- Labour market - getting a job
- Scott Davies' research shows that girls are less confrontational and aggressive when resisting education
- Girls adopted an exaggerated feminity which emphasises importance of boyfriends, marriage, and childbearing not academic success
- Griffin (1985) found that girls are less likely to form larger subcultures and more likely to form small friend groups
- Female subcultures
- Ethnicity
- Tony Sewell - African-Caribbean subcultures
- Studied an all boys school and found different subcultures
- Conformists - accepted norms and values of the school and tried to succeed
- Innovators - wanted to succeed but disliked the process of school, so did not seek approval from teachers while keeping out of trouble
- Retreatists - individuals who intended to keep themselves to themselves and didn't join other subcultures
- Rebels - strongly rejected the school and were aggressively masculine
- Studied an all boys school and found different subcultures
- Some studies say that some subcultures may be formed due to racism, being put into lower sets or streams, and may be more likely to be excluded from school.
- Tony Sewell - African-Caribbean subcultures
- Paul Willis - Learning to Labour
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