Stress Overview

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  • Created by: Eliseee_
  • Created on: 17-05-15 14:19
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  • Stress Overview
    • Workplace
      • Marmot et al
        • Procedure
          • 1. 7000 civil servants from different levels of employment
          • 2. Their medical histories followed up 5 years later
        • Findings
          • Those on a lower grade of employment were more likely to have CHD
            • Lowest job = 4 times more likely than highest job
        • Evaluation
          • Can't generalise to other jobs
          • Correlational
            • No cause and effect can be established
          • Questionnaire used
            • People may lie - social desirablilty
      • Johansson
        • Procedure
          • High risk group of 14 finishers
            • Demanding job / machine paced / low control / isolated
          • Compared with 10 cleaners
            • Self paced / time to socialise / less demanding
          • Took urine samples on work days and rest days
            • Also noted absent days
        • Findings
          • High risk had more stress hormones
          • High risk had more absent days
        • Evaluation
          • High external validity
          • Only 24 participants
            • Can't generalise
          • Ethnocentric
            • Can't generalise to other cultures
          • Ethical - IV not manipulated
    • Personality
      • Hardiness
        • Kobasa
          • People differ in their ability to cope with stress
          • Hardiness describes traits possessed by people who cope will
            • Highly committed
            • Change is a challenge
            • Sense of being in control
          • Tested highly stressed male executives
            • Split into 2 groups
              • Those who became ill after a stressful event
              • Those who did not become ill after a stressful event
                • This group was more hardy
          • Evaluation
            • Practical
              • Koshaba and Maddi suggested training programmes to reduce stress related illness
            • Klag and Bradley - hardy didn't determine illness
            • Correlational
              • Cause and effect
            • Self-report
      • Type A and B personality
        • Friedman and Rosenman
          • A
            • Ambitious
            • Competitive
            • Impatient
          • B
            • Relaxed
            • Easy-going
          • 3000 39-59 y/o American males
            • Interviewed and observed
              • Purposefully interrupted participant to determine the personality type they had
            • 257 developed CHD
              • 70% of those had a Type A personality
          • Evaluation
            • Simplistic
            • Biased Sample
              • Can't generalise
              • Ethnocentric
              • Andocentric
            • Self report technique
    • Stress Management
      • Psychological
        • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy aims to change our thoughts on how we perceive things
          • This will impact our behaviour
        • Stress Inoculation Training - Meichenbaum
          • Stage 1:
            • Assessment
              • Discuss Problems
              • Asked how to deal with these problems
              • Therapist creates a plan
          • Stage 2:
            • Stress Reduction Techniques
              • Learn techniques
              • Learn relaxation techniques
              • Learn coping statements
                • Preparing / Handling / Being overwhelmed
          • Stage 3:
            • Application
              • Imagine using stage 2 in stressful situations
              • Use role play to practice
              • Use techniques in real situations
              • Review
          • Evaluation
            • Effective in the long term
              • Treats cause rather than efffect
            • Research has found it reduced levels of cortisol
              • Actual bilogical effects
            • Lee found not so effective compared to other treatment
            • Time consuming
              • Expensive
              • No immediate effects
      • Physiological
        • Beta-Blockers
          • Decrease activity in the SNS
          • Direct action on the heart and nervous system
          • Treats anxiety
            • Brantigan
              • Enhanced musicians performance
        • Benzodiazepines BZs
          • e.g. Valium / Librium
          • Increase activity of neurotransmitter GABA
          • Range of side effects
            • Tiredness
            • Memory impairment in long term use
            • Can be addictive
    • Immune System
      • Kiecolt-Glaiser
        • Procedure
          • Natural experiment on 75 medical students
          • Blood tests one month before exams and again during exam season
            • Measured NK activity
          • Assessed psychological variables using questionnaires
        • Findings
          • NK acivity reduced during exams
          • Moset reduced when participants experienced loneliness or life events
        • Evaluation
          • Natural experiment
            • External validity
            • Ethical
          • Only a link
          • Kiecolt-Glaiser
            • Female dementia carers took longer to heal than other women
          • Immune system more complex

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