Stress
- Created by: MollyPayne
- Created on: 11-05-16 10:26
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- Daily Hassles
- Stress
- Workplace stressors
- Johansson
- Sawmill study - finishers have low control and high demand and work is machine paced and in charge of other's pay
- Cleaners had high control and low demand so low workplace stressors
- Finishers had greater stress hormones in urine and more time off work sick
- Natural study so high ecological validity
- Supports the job strain model and Marmot's study
- Marmot
- 10,000 civil servants over 3 years. measured job control and stress related illnesses
- Questionnaires measured high demand and low control. Assessed for heart disease
- Low control leads to higher risk of heart disorder. increase risk by smoking and unhealthy eating
- High demand had fewer heart problems
- Natural so high validity
- Longitudinal so more data collected
- Unaware which aspect of low control causes illness
- Self report social desirability bias
- Correlational not causational
- Not representative
- Job strain model = Work overload + lack of control
- Johansson
- Life Changes
- Rahe
- 2500 naval US personnel filled out questionnaire of past 6 months like SRRS
- Kept health record for following 6 months tour of duty - correlational analysis carried out of association between illness and LCU scores
- Significant positive correlation of LCU increasing with illness at +0.118
- High mundane realism
- High external validity
- Correlation is weak - not causation
- Can't show cause and effect
- Gender bias
- Low population validity
- Holmes and Rahe
- SRRS scale scores life events and potential to get ill. Tick life events experienced in pervious year
- Events have LCU scores, 43 events. death of spouse = 100 LCUs and Christmas = 12 LCUs
- 200+ LCUs = 50% increase illness, 300+ = 80% illness increase in coming year
- Ignores individual differences eg- retirement happy or stressful
- Past means everyone is differently effected
- Intervening variables such as personalities and weak immune system
- Weak correlation found so other variables
- Correlations don't show cause and effect
- SRRS self report so social desirability bias
- Rahe
- Biological methods of stress
- BZs - enhance action of GABA natural anxiety relief, quietens neurons in brain + makes hard to stimulate them
- BBs - reduce activity of SAM pathway by inhibiting adrenaline reuptake, slow heart and reduces fight or flight. Act on cardiovascular system to reduce heart rate and blood pressure
- Effective in combatting stress effects
- Kahn et al - 250Ps for 8 weeks found BZs better than placebos
- BBs used by musicians and some sports players
- Lockwood - 2000 musicians, 27% took BBs and had greater feedback
- Little effort needed from user
- Addiction, dependency and withdrawl
- Psychological dependence
- BZs increase depression and impair memory
- BBs increase risk of diabetes
- Treat symptoms not cause
- Stop working when intake stops
- Bodily responses
- SAM pathway SYMPATHO MEDULLARY
- Hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic branch of ANS
- Mobilises body for action and stimulates adrenal medulla
- Releases adrenaline and nor adrenaline into blood
- Heart rate, blood pressure and respiration increases
- Digestion decreases - body now ready for fight or flight
- HPA pathway pituitary adrenal system
- hypothalamus releases CRF which stimulates the pituitary gland which releases ACTH
- ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex that releases cortisol which causes liver to release glucose
- Immune system is then suppressed
- Physical affects
- Indirect illness through behaviour eg smoking
- Directly by reducing immune system functioning
- Prolonged stress shrinks thymus gland so fewer infection fighting cells
- Kiecolt-Glaser showed lower cytokine levels take wounds longer to heal
- Cohen's study showed stress levels increased with vulnerbality
- SAM pathway SYMPATHO MEDULLARY
- Stress and the immune system
- Cohen
- 394 Ps completed a questionnaire on stressful life events of past year
- Rated degree of stress and level of negative emotions
- 3 scores combined and Ps exposed to common cold virus
- 82% got infected by virus. Chance of developing a cold significantly correlated with stress index scores
- Shows clear relationship between stress and poor health
- Good population validity
- Results can be generalised beyond the sample
- No cause and effect
- There is no direct measure on the immune system
- Stress index is combined so don't know which aspect linked to stress
- Kiecolt-Glaser
- 13 women aged 47 to 81 who care for people with dementia (high natural stress) matched with average women
- Tested for cytokines and measured themselves on stress scale. Given punch biopsy
- carers wounds took 9 days longer to heal than other Ps, carers had lower cytokine levels
- Natural so high ecological validity
- Generalizable to real life situations eg hospital recovery
- Gender biased
- Questionable ethics as Ps were harmed
- Cohen
- Perosnality
- Friedman and Rosenman
- 3200 volunteers 39-59 assessed 8 years. All healthy in 1960s, interviews found if Ps were A1, A2, X or B
- 8 years later incidence of CHD was recorded, 257 men had CHD, 70% of them were type A
- Longitudinal study so more reliable as more data
- Can help people with type A modify life to reduce CHD risk
- Type A - Competitive, angry, time pressure, prone to CHD
- Hardy- Strong sense of control, more stress resistant
- Lacks population validity
- Correlational not causational
- Self report bias
- Self selecting participant so possible demand characteristics
- TYPE B - less likely to experience fight of flight or raised blood pressure
- Friedman and Rosenman
- Stress management
- SIT
- Helps clients think about stressful situations more positively and improve skills to deal with them
- Conceptualisation -therapist client relationship made and diary of stressful events and how they managed them
- Skills training - appropriate skills and strategies taught and practised that are tailored to client problems
- Real life application - strategies used in real life, diary of daily life and monitor the therapy
- Targets individuals sources and reactions to stress
- Meichenbaum found SIT patients did better in exams
- Deals directly with source of stress to help control it
- Research needs follow up, may not give true picture of results
- Self report bias results
- Takes time, commitment and money
- Hardiness training
- Another form of CBT
- Focussing - Client taught to recognise physiological signs of stress eg SAM pathway
- Relieving stress encounters - encouraged to think about recent stressful situations and create coping strategies
- Self-improvement - taught to see stressors as challenges they can face daily
- Targets perception of stress and how to cope
- Client can cope with a variety of stressful situations
- The concept of hardiness is challenged by things
- The sense of control is more important than the immeasurable concept of hardiness
- Changing Ps personality takes a lot of time and effort
- SIT
- Workplace stressors
- 100 Ps 45-64 complete 4 questionnaires once a month for a year on hassles, uplifts, life events and health status
- Hassles significantly correlated to health status, more hassles = more health issues. Daily uplifts had little effect on health
- No relationship between life event stress and health
- Natural study = high validity
- Strong correlation
- Delongis
- Self report so data lacks reliability due to bias
- Hassles depend on each individual
- Age bias so not generalisable
- Overlooks on going chronic stress
- Correlational not causational
- Stress
- Rahe
- 2500 naval US personnel filled out questionnaire of past 6 months like SRRS
- Kept health record for following 6 months tour of duty - correlational analysis carried out of association between illness and LCU scores
- Significant positive correlation of LCU increasing with illness at +0.118
- High mundane realism
- High external validity
- Correlation is weak - not causation
- Can't show cause and effect
- Gender bias
- Low population validity
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