Stress
- Created by: khodnett
- Created on: 23-02-16 10:29
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- Stress
- what is stress?
- distress: harmful
- eustress: beneficial
- stress as a stimulus is a stressor eg exam
- stress as a response is a strain eg fear
- lazarus: (1993) transactional model- stress as a transaction between person and their external environment
- external event > primary appraisal (perceived stress) > secondary appraisal (perceived ability to cope)
- illness
- stress is linked to illness. experiencing alot of stress likely increase risk coronary heart disease
- chronic stress: continual stress over a long period
- acute stress: short term
- someone chronically stressed more susceptible to being ill when acute stress suddenly occurs
- Cohen: (1991) study to determine how susceptible people are to common cold when stressed.
- pps given nasal drops half containging cold virus and half placebo, each pp had completed a questionnaire measuring stress
- 47% pps suffering stress given the virus developed a cold vs 27% with low stress given the virus developed a cold
- high levels of stress likely to increase susceptibility to catching illness
- 47% pps suffering stress given the virus developed a cold vs 27% with low stress given the virus developed a cold
- pps given nasal drops half containging cold virus and half placebo, each pp had completed a questionnaire measuring stress
- biological stress
- autonomic nervous system: 2 divisions
- sympathetic nervous system: stress response by fight or flight
- increased heartbeat, sweating, dilated pupils
- parasympathetic nervous system: returns body normal
- opposites to sympathetic
- sympathetic nervous system: stress response by fight or flight
- endocrine system: hormone release response to stress
- set of glands in endocrine system secrete hormones into the blood stream affecting different organs
- HPAC- hypothalamic pituitary adenocortical system = activates hypothalamus to secrete corticosteriods fighting inflammation and promote healing
- corticosteriods counteracted by adrenal glands releasing cortisol to stop its release
- pituitary gland most important
- set of glands in endocrine system secrete hormones into the blood stream affecting different organs
- prolonged cardiovascular activity cause physical illness eg hypertension and strokes
- autonomic nervous system: 2 divisions
- Measuring stress
- self report: subjective method= person gives answers on themselves eg questionnaires/ interviews. qual or quant
- acute/chronic stress measured asking how the individual thinks, feels, behaves for self percieved stress levels
- identifying stressful events comparing them to scale designed to determine levels of stress currently.
- Holmes & Rahe: social readjustment scale (1967)= list of life events, rated on significance, the readjustment to circumstances causing the stress.
- subjective, scientific measures disregarded. useful as can determine and predict illness
- response bias, pps may seek to be socially desirable
- pp and researcher variables skew results, also retrospective
- subjective, scientific measures disregarded. useful as can determine and predict illness
- Holmes & Rahe: social readjustment scale (1967)= list of life events, rated on significance, the readjustment to circumstances causing the stress.
- self report: subjective method= person gives answers on themselves eg questionnaires/ interviews. qual or quant
- Personal Variables
- type A: competitive, time urgent, hostile, impatient, aggressive
- type B: relaxed, patient, ability to express feelings
- type C: passive, uncomplaining, compliant, unassertive
- type B: relaxed, patient, ability to express feelings
- Friedman & Rosenman (1974): type A personalities more susceptible to stress
- link of type A personalities to coronary heart disease, compared 2 groups of men matched physically differing by personality types with cardiovascular measures and interviews
- type A personalities 5X more likely develop heart disease than type B
- personality variables can effect health
- type A personalities 5X more likely develop heart disease than type B
- link of type A personalities to coronary heart disease, compared 2 groups of men matched physically differing by personality types with cardiovascular measures and interviews
- locus of control- effect of percieved control on illness
- Rotter (1966): extent to which an individual thinks and feels they can control what happens to them
- internal locus: can control what happens, can control own success. confident, arrogant, driven
- external locus: little to no control on what happens,success is uncontrollable. shy modest worrier
- at extremes external suffer high stress and depression whereas internal suffer stress and unrealistic ideas
- Frankenhauser (1975): control and stress in sawmill factory workers with boring and repetitive work
- taking levels of catecholamines & blood pressure, self reports on headaches and stomach disorders
- workers have high catecholamines and blood pressure, frequent headaches and stomach disorders
- due to external locus due to lack of input and dull repetitive work
- workers have high catecholamines and blood pressure, frequent headaches and stomach disorders
- taking levels of catecholamines & blood pressure, self reports on headaches and stomach disorders
- external locus: little to no control on what happens,success is uncontrollable. shy modest worrier
- Hardiness: ability to pick yourself up and fight adversity
- kobasa (1979) : 3 traits of hardiness- commitment: significant things. challenges- viewing life as a challenge. Control- sense of grip on life decisions
- type A: competitive, time urgent, hostile, impatient, aggressive
- what is stress?
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