sports psychology

Created by: Elle99
Created on: 26-11-17 13:44

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sports psychology
- anxiety
  - negative aspect of experiencing stress caused by worry or apprehension
    - arousal levels high
      - emotional responses
    - importance of winning
      - competitive anxiety
        four factors
        individual differences
        way people interact with a situation
        important games more anxiety than friendlys
        
        different types of anxiety
        trait anxiety
        more likely to experience high state anxiety in stressful situations
        
        state anxiety
        anxiety specific only to particular situation
        
        general or specific anxiety
        high trait anxiety performers
        high anxiety in stressful situations
        level of anxiety differ
        extremely anxious in match situation, but in training less anxious
        competitive trait anxiety
        tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening and respond with appprehension
        
        competition process
        interaction between personality factors, competitive trait anxiety and the situation
        affects behaviour and cause state anxiety
    - presence of large crowd
    - sport competition anxiety test
      - giving competitors a self report questionnaire
        assess anxiety felt during competition
      - measures competitive trait anxiety
        personality measure, must also take into account situational factors
      - reliable
        results closely linked to state anxiety of performer before comp, therefore valid to predict competitive state anxiety
      - it tests tendencies to become anxious about competition
        can predict how anxious performer will be in future competitions
        state anxiety
      - shows: cognitive state anxiety increases at comp approaches
        but doesn't increase immediately before comp
        zone of optimal functioning
        peak flow experience
        
        how
        relaxed
        don't need high levels of arousal
        balance of wanting to achieve but calm and in control
        
        confident
        overall belief you have great ability
        not show fear
        expect sucess
        
        completely focused
        completely absorbed by own performance
        not dwell on previous experience or future
        
        activity is effortless
        accomplish complex an difficult taks with little effort
        mind and body working perfectly together
        
        movements automatic
        motor programmes
        little conscious thought, move instinctively, well grrooved
        
        fun
        satisfaction and enjoyment
        
        in control
        command over body and emotions
        in charge of own destiny
        
        shows: somatic state anxiety low leading up to comp but increases few hrs before
  - cue utilisation
    - attention more effective
      - if focus on relevant cues
    - keeping focus and not being distracted
      - could be distracted by irrelevant cues ( person shouting from crowd)
    - if cues in environment not used effectively
      - performer fails to gather relevant information
    - e.g. in netball if not notice positions of players, affect next pass
- agression
  - intent to harm outside the rules of sport
    - social learning theory
      - aggression learned response
      - learn by observing others behaviour
        copying
        significant others
        
        imitation of aggressive behaviour reinforced by social acceptance
        see a team mate fouling an opponent and it stops the opponent playing well, it will be reinforced and copied
        if coach says a good idea
      - Bandura
      - optimistic view
        if can learn aggressive behaviour, can learn non aggressive also
  - hostile
    - prime intention to harm opponent outside rules
  - instrumental
    - within rules, prime intention to be successful within skill, know may cause injury
  - assertion
    - within rules, no attempt to harm
  - instinct theory
    - natural response
    - innate
    - instincitve
      - problem: expect all humans, even from different cultures, express similar tendencies
        doesn't happen
        
        not take into account learning of actions
        
        human aggression often spontaneous
        
        often learned, many cultural differences back up
        
        close evolutionary relatives (gorilla) expected to be aggressive but not
        
        early humans not warriors but 'hunter gatherers'
      - for Lorenz:
        applied instincts of animals to humans
        said humans general aggressive energy that needs to be released
        through antisocial act or more acceptable- sports
        
        Freud: agressive impulsés would build up
        if not released through aggressive acts- dangerous to well being
    - animalistic
      - humans developed aggression as survival instinct
      - hard to relate animal instinct to behaviour of human being
        human behaviour more complex
    - TRAIT
  - frustration agression hypothesis
    - if frustrated always become agressive
      - if an obstacle blocking goal, increase individuals drive
        increase frustration and agression
        
        catharsis
        release of frustration leads to feeling of well being
        release built up stress
    - 4 critiscms
      - premeditatedagression already decided to be agressive
      - not all frustration leads to aggression (keep it in)
      - doesn't allow instinctive response
      - aggression can be learnt
  - aggressive cue hypothesis
    - for aggression to occur, certain stimuli must be present
      - when individual frustrated- increase in arousal
        creates readiness for aggression
- social facilitation
  - others have a positive impact on performance
  - social inhibition
    - others have a negative impact on performance
  - Zajonc
    - drive theory
      - presence of audience or cofactors increase arousal levels
        coactors: other performers
        
        increase in arousal= DLR occur
        if skill simple or performer expert- DLR more likely to be correct- performance improved
        social facilitation
        
        if complex or beginner- DLR not fully grooved- performance decline
        social inhibition
  - cottrell
    - evaluation apprehension
      - not only presence of crowd that increased arousal levels
        crowd has calming effect on some performers
        
        arousal level increased if audience evaluating
        feel being analysed
  - effects of social facilitation on perofrmance
    - home/away effects
      - win more often at home
        tennis (52%/48%)
        crowd more supportive
        
        familiar surroundings
        
        hostile to opponents
        
        social inhibition
        greater expectations
        
        more evaluation apprehension
    - personality factors
      - Type A (high anxiety) perform less well than B
        extroverts- seek situations with high arousal
        perform better
        
        introverts shy away from social situations, have high internal arosual
    - level of experience
      - good previous experience (remove threat) - social facilitation
        bad previous experience (failed)- social inhibition
        high skill level: DLR correct, motor programmes stored in LTM, applied under little conscious control
        social facilitation
        
        low skill level: DLR incorrect, (Zajonc)
        
        distractions less likely to interfere
        crowds knowledge
        increase evaluation apprehension
        social inhibition
        
        feel supported
        social facilitation
        
        performing infront of people you know
        increase anxiety levels
        social inhibition
        
        pride
        social facilitation
        types of skills/activities
        gross- higher levels of arousal and drive required
        help from audience (noises crowds)
        triple jump
        
        don't require perceptual processing
        
        fine/complex- lower levels of arousal
        more concentration and decision making
        snooker, darts
        
        nature of audience
        affect arousal level
        noisy and competitive - more anxious and aggressive
        
        proximity of crowd
        closer, higher arousal levels, threatened or reassured
eliminating agressive tendencies
- punishment
  - fine system, drop player from team
- avoid situations that could cause aggression
  - change sport- position
- remove agressive player
- responsibilities of players pointed out
  - let team down
- relaxation techiques
  - control arousal levels
    - challenging aggression
- goal setting
- contract between coach and player
- reinforce non aggressive acts
- show non aggressive role models
- increase peer pressure to be non aggressive
  - signifiant others not reinforce aggressive behaviour
control of aggression
- officials
  - be consistent and accurate
  - assert control from start of game
  - enforce rules confidently
  - consistent and fair
  - punish acts immediately
- spectators
  - positive rolemodels
  - limit alcohol
  - restricted seating area
  - reduce levels of rivalry
  - good quality refereeing
  - coaches not encourage violent acts
  - responsible media coverage
minimising social inhibition
- learn to block out crowd- train with audience
- teach skills in non evaluative environment
- encourage support from team mates
- reduce importance of event
- train to a higher standard- DLR likely to be correct
- relaxation techniques
- athletes aware of negative effects of distractions and be prepared to deal with them

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sports psychology

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