Personality and Attitudes
- Created by: LeJRichards
- Created on: 11-05-16 13:41
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- Personality
- Attitudes
- Combinations of beliefs and feelings which lead us to think and behave positively or negatively
- Attitudes tend to be deep seated and enduring, but can change or be changed
- Triadic Model
- Cognitive
- knowledge and beliefs
- Affective
- feelings and emotions
- Behavioural
- intended behaviour
- Cognitive
- Formation of Attitudes
- media
- past experiences
- prejudice
- coaches
- teachers
- family
- peers
- friends
- conditioning strengthens attitudes
- familiarity with an attitude object can change an attitude towards it
- Prejudice
- prejudgement of a person group or situation
- usually based on inadequate information
- tends to reinforce stereotypes
- Sports Stereotypes
- people form attitudes which are negative stereotypes about certain groups participating in sports
- women in strength, endurance, and contact sports
- participation of the disabled in physical activity
- older age groups' interest and ability in sport
- participation of particular ethnic groups in specific sports or positions within teams
- black quarterback
- white sprinter
- black swimmer or skier
- Attitude Change by Persuasive Communication
- the subject must pay attention, and must understand, accept, and retain the message being given
- the coach must be expert and be trustworthy
- the message must be clear, unambiguous, be balanced between emotion and logic, and be balanced between pros and cons
- Attitude Change by Cognitive Dissonance
- two completely different and contradictory facts affect the behaviour of a sportsperson
- need conflict between behavioural components leading to cognitive dissonance
- Personality describes the unique characteristics of an individual that makes them act as they do
- Knowledge about personality is important to ensure optimum sporting performance
- Trait Theories
- Use the idea that the person has always had a feature of their personality
- General
- Underlying
- Enduring
- Predisposition that tells you how a person will act in a situation
- Labels are intended to last forever
- Stable Extrovert (outgoing, carefree)
- Neurotic Extrovert (restless, aggressive)
- Neurotic Introvert (anxious, rigid)
- Stable Introvert (controlled, reliable)
- Social Learning Theories
- Learn to deal with situations by observing others
- People model their behaviour on what they have seen
- Athletes learn behaviour as well as skill by observing others
- Social comparison will make a person behave the same as their peer group
- Social approval and disapproval determines response
- Vicarious conditioning is the learning of emotional responses through observational learning
- Hollander's Structure of Personality
- Psychological Core
- beliefs and values that remain more or less permanent
- Typical Behaviour
- the way an individual responds in certain situations
- Role-Related Behaviour
- in other situations we may act differently
- Social Environment
- behaviour and expectations of others affects our role
- Psychological Core
- Interactionist Theories
- A combination of trait and a situation or environment builds up a person's personality
- Traits determine behaviour but can be modified by situations
- Lewin was the theorist that came up with the mathematical form
- B=f(PxE)
- Type A Personality
- impatience
- works at a rapid pace
- higher levels of stress
- strong desire to succeed
- easily aroused
- shows anxiety in stressful situations
- lacking in tolerance
- has a need to be in control
- makes decisions quickly without much though
- Type B Personality
- relaxed and patient
- allows time for tasks to be completed
- low personal stress
- less competitive
- calm and unflappable in most situations
- tolerance of others' mistakes
- delegates easily
- waits and assesses all options for decisions
- Personality Testing
- Interviews
- before or after the event
- not directly related to performance
- usually open-ended and flexible
- difficult to quantify accurately
- Questionnaire
- implemented before or after the event
- not directly related to performance
- Observations
- made during an event
- directly related to performance
- Profile of Mood States
- sports-specific questionnaire
- determines mood of a sports performer and attempts to relate this to the quality of performance
- moods are an important aspect of personality which may influence performance
- moods assessed by this test are: tension, depression, anger, vigour, fatigue, confusion
- Interviews
- Attitudes
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