Sociology/Psychology - SEMESTER 3 & 4
- Created by: ggmonkey
- Created on: 07-01-20 13:12
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- Culture, Ethnicity and Race in health
- Culture
- Shared mental perception
- Implicit - Not always thought about
- Regulates understanding and behaviour
- Shared mental perception
- Distinctive set of cultural characteristics
- Common geographical origin
- Language
- Traditions
- Epidemiology
- Subdivides population
- Provide better services
- Exposure variables
- Ethnic group
- Individual social group membership
- Ethnic origin
- Common ancetor
- Subdivides population
- Social Constructions
- Ethnic difference is imposed by majority population
- Race categories were created before any knowledge of genetics
- A haplogroup is a group of people who inherited genes from one ancestor with a single nucleotide polymorphism
- Race categories were created before any knowledge of genetics
- Reify: To treat an ethnic construct as though it is concrete
- Facts are created through social interactions and interpretations
- We know the world through ideas and beliefs we hold about it
- Ethnic difference is imposed by majority population
- In practice
- Institutional practices can play a role in racist behaviour
- People are taught one thing but practice another
- Institutional racism disavantages minority ethnic people
- Institutional practices can play a role in racist behaviour
- Culture
- Social inequalities in health
- Social class
- Does not represent biological differences so afe avoidable
- Inequalities come from structural social divisions
- Gender and ethnicity
- Socio-economic status
- Major impact on health and disease
- Determinants
- Educational attainment
- Future earnings
- Crime
- Morbidity
- Employment
- Children in unemplyed households 2x more likely to fail education
- Living standards
- Health increases as income rises
- Parents income affects childs education
- Educational attainment
- Changes in health
- Post war NHS was built to improve health by removing inequality
- However, only sick people require healthcare
- Absolute difference in heath has decresed
- Mortality rates lower in both routine and managerial
- Relative difference has incfreases
- Managerial mortality rates reduced by a larger proportion
- Post war NHS was built to improve health by removing inequality
- Social class
- Obesity
- Abnormal/ Excessive amounts of fat accumulation
- Hydrostatic weighing
- Fat is more dense than water - fat people weigh more in water than on land
- Dual energy x-ray absorbitometry (DEXA)
- Expensive, not routine
- Hydrostatic weighing
- Consequences
- Cancer
- Coronary heart disease
- Stroke
- Depression & anxiety
- Diabetes T2
- Twin studies reveal high genetic component
- One obese parent - 40% chance
- Two obese parents - 80% chance
- No obese parents - 7% chance
- Causes
- Metabolic theory
- Decreased metabolic rate
- Fat cell theory
- Cell number genetically determined
- Appetite theory
- Leptin and ghrelin increase appetite
- Sleep loss
- Associated with weight gain
- Negative mood
- More food intake
- Restrictive diet
- Relapses common
- Metabolic theory
- Interventions
- Psycological
- Effective when combined with diet and excersise
- Weighing helpful
- Physical activity
- Improves CVD risk factors
- Drugs and surgery
- Psycological
- Abnormal/ Excessive amounts of fat accumulation
- Physical Activity
- Physical movement by skeletal muscle which uses energy
- Exersise
- Activity with physical effort to improve health and fittness
- Why are we fat?
- Increase in energy in
- Portion size
- High fat foods
- Energy density
- Soft drinks
- Lower costs
- Decrease in energy out
- Media
- Transport
- Office jobs
- Leisure time
- Labour saving devices
- Increase in energy in
- Who is more likely to do physical activity?
- Higher socio-economic status
- Safer environment
- Males
- More sports culture
- Social sport players
- More encoragement
- Active childhood
- Positive experience
- Lower BMI
- Less embarassing
- Non smokers
- Better CV health
- Higher socio-economic status
- Why is someone more likely to do physical activity?
- Self-efficacy
- Confidence in own ability is strongest predictor
- Social support
- Health belief model
- Susceptibiliy, concequences and behaviour
- Motivations
- Health, appearence, enjoyment
- Intention behavior gap
- If I get the train, then I will walk
- Habit formation
- Repition leads to behaviour change
- COM-B model
- Capability + Oportunity + Motivation = Behaviour
- Self-efficacy
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